The transcytosis of lipids through enterocytes occurs through the delivery of lipid micelles to the microvilli of enterocytes, consumption of lipid derivates by the apical plasma membrane (PM) and then their delivery to the membrane of the smooth ER attached to the basolateral PM. The SER forms immature chylomicrons (iChMs) in the ER lumen. iChMs are delivered at the Golgi complex (GC) where they are subjected to additional glycosylation resulting in maturation of iChMs. ChMs are secreted into the intercellular space and delivered into the lumen of lymphatic capillaries (LCs). The overloading of enterocytes with lipids induces the formation of lipid droplets inside the lipid bilayer of the ER membranes and transcytosis becomes slower. Here, we examined components of the enterocyte-to-lymphatic barriers in newly born rats before the first feeding and after it. In contrast to adult animals, enterocytes of newborns rats exhibited apical endocytosis and a well-developed subapical endosomal tubular network. These enterocytes uptake membranes from amniotic fluid. Then these membranes are transported across the polarized GC and secreted into the intercellular space. The enterocytes did not contain COPII-coated buds on the granular ER. The endothelium of blood capillaries situated near the enterocytes contained only a few fenestrae. The LCs were similar to those in adult animals. The first feeding induced specific alterations of enterocytes, which were similar to those observed after the lipid overloading of enterocytes in adult rats. Enlarged chylomicrons were stopped at the level of the LAMP2 and Neu1 positive post-Golgi structures, secreted, fused, delivered to the interstitial space, captured by the LCs and transported to the lymph node, inducing the movement of macrophages from lymphatic follicles into its sinuses. The macrophages captured the ChMs, preventing their delivery into the blood.
Subject. This article discusses the demographic factor in the economic development of Russia. Objectives. The article aims to assess the demographic situation in the monotowns of Zverevo and Donetsk of the Rostov Oblast both taking into account the industry-specific orientation of their township-forming enterprises, and taking into account the assignment of an advanced-social-economic-development-area status to them. Methods. For the study, we used the descriptive and statistical methods of analysis. Conclusions. The assignment of the status of a Priority Social and Economic Development Area (PSEDA) to the monotowns under consideration did not bring about an improvement in the demographic situation. The industry-specific orientation of the township-forming enterprise does not affect the demographic situation in the monotown. The considered demographic problems of monotowns are relevant and should be taken into account when developing a strategy for the socio-economic development of these institutional entities.
Subject. This article explores the development of the mono-industry town's economy and its dependence on the successful operation of the township-forming enterprise. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the sectoral structures of industry of the Federal Districts of Russia, and the Northwestern Federal District, in particular, as well as the Vologda Oblast and mono-cities located in it. Methods. For the study, we used a comparative analysis. Results. The article identifies problems common to the areas under study. Conclusions. To develop mono-industry towns, it is necessary to design and adopt framework programmes, supplemented by targeted measures that take into account the industry specifics.
Subject. This article explores the problem of labor resources in single-industry towns of Russia. Objectives. The article aims to develop forecast scenarios for changes in the demographic situation in single-industry towns of Russia. Methods. For the study, we used statistical, regression, and scenario analyses. Results. The article finds that various factors contribute to the growth of the population of single-industry towns, such as the expansion of housing construction, increasing the availability of health services, the development of trade, etc. Conclusions. The development of Russia's single-industry towns requires long-term investment in production, and diversification of the economy is also necessary.
Subject. We consider prospects for the aviation industry development of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The aim is to analyze the volume of production of the aviation industry and air transportation, review some market indicators, i.e. supply and unit price of export aviation equipment. Methods. The study employs general scientific methods of research. Results. The paper states that the COVID-19 pandemic has had virtually no impact on the aviation industry, as deterioration in some indicators has been observed since 2018. The aviation equipment market is influenced by both external and internal factors that exacerbated during the pandemic. Conclusions. Despite the attention of the State to the aviation industry, the latter needs additional government support.
Subject. The article considers special aspects of economic development of a single-industry town. Objectives. The purpose is to identify factors affecting the socio-demographic position of Zverevo single-industry town, Rostov Oblast, by building regression models. Methods. The study rests on methods of statistical, correlation-regression analysis. Results. Demographic situation in the single-industry town is characterized by a decrease in the population due to a drop in the birth rate (with a slight increase in mortality). The creation of new enterprises and jobs has no positive impact on the demographic situation in the single-industry town. Conclusions. The constructed regression models can be used in the analysis of demographic situation in various regions of Russia.
Subject. This article discusses the problems of socio-economic development of monocities. Objectives. The article aims to consider the industry specialization of special economic zones (SEZ) and determine the extent of their mutual influence. Methods. For the study, we used a statistical analysis. Results. Based on the analysis of performance indicators of industrial special economic zones, the article breaks down economic zones and monocities by federal districts and describes their sectoral trends. The article emphasizes that when creating economic zones, the category the nearby monocities belong to was not taken into account, and there is no interaction between the zone and the monocity. Conclusions. On the basis of the studied, it can be assumed that when creating industrial special economic zones, the objective to improve the socio-economic situation of nearby monocities was not set at all.
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