The conversion of diazonium tetrafluoroborate salts [1][2][3] into fluorinated arenes [4] was discovered more than 80 years ago by Balz and Schiemann, [5] and is widely used owing to the importance of fluorinated compounds in the life sciences [6] and material science [7] in academic as well as industrial laboratories. [8,9] This method has also found application for the synthesis of radioactive-labeled compounds.[10]The yields of the Balz-Schiemann reaction are moderate to good, and a few isolated protocols achieve excellent yields.[11] Therefore many attempts have been made to increase the yields and to lower the reaction temperatures, which in general correspond to the melting points of the tetrafluoroborates, in most cases over 100 8C. Some alternatives rely on, for example, the exchange of the counter ion [12] or the use of other solvents like BF 3 ·Et 2 O [13] and ionic liquids.[14] Modified conditions, for example photochemical methods, [15,16] have also resulted in improved protocols. Herein we describe a variant of the Balz-Schiemann reaction which through the utilization of a perfluorinated solvent leads to very good conversions of diazonium salts and triazenes to provide the corresponding aryl fluorides under mild conditions (Scheme 1). In our search for a method that allows the application of the Balz-Schiemann reaction in combinatorial chemistry, we tested different sets of conditions. Our leitmotiv was the cleavage of triazenes to give diazonium ions followed by their conversion in situ into the corresponding fluoroarenes. This approach, known as Wallach reaction, [17] offers some advantages over conventional methods. First, triazenes can be stored for extended periods without decomposition and they constitute safe alternatives to explosive diazonium salts. For example, our DSC/TG and DTA/TG measurements (DSC = dynamic difference calorimetry, DTA = differential thermoanalysis, TG = thermogravimetry) on triazene 9 (see Scheme 4) gave a decomposition temperature of 202.2 8C (beginning at 136 8C up to 266 8C, with a loss of mass of 98 %), while no reaction with O 2 or H 2 O takes place. The enthalpy of decomposition for 9 is determined to be roughly 40 kJ g À1 . In addition, triazene-masked diazonium ions can be used in reaction sequences in solution as well as on a solid support, and are thus amenable to combinatorial methods.[18] All products of the fluorinating cleavage should first be analyzed in terms of purity, as the isolation of preferably pure crude products plays a pivotal role in combinatorial chemistry.Initial tests were conducted with resin-bound triazenes. We used different solvents (for example, THF, DMF, MeOH) and observed the generation of "traceless" by-products (the reduced cleavage compound). As these compounds account for most of the impurities in the thermal decomposition of diazonium salts as well, we tried to suppress the reduction through the use of a perfluorinated solvent. In perfluorohexane [19] under optimized conditions, cleavage of the aromatic compounds to give the diazo...
Fluorine-containing drugs have played a major role over the past decade and currently make up 20 % of all pharmaceuticals and 30 % of all agrochemicals on the world market.
Zunächst wurde eine robuste Route entwickelt, um kommerziell erhältliche Arylhalogenide 1 zu immobilisieren (Schema 1). Dithioester sind hierfür geeignete Vorläufer-strukturen, da jede C-S-Bindung relativ einfach durch oxidative Desulfurierung-Fluorierung in die entsprechende C-FBindung überführt werden kann.[7] Die Überführung der Arylhalogenide 1 in die entsprechenden Grignard-Verbindungen mit anschließender Umsetzung mit einem Überschuss an Kohlenstoffdisulfid und Merrifield-Harz (vernetzt, Beladung 0.97 mmol g À1 ) in Gegenwart von Kaliumiodid resultierte in dunkelroten Dithioester-Harzen 3. Die Anbindung wurde über 13 C-Gelphasen-NMR überprüft und durch Schwefel-Elementaranalyse quantifiziert.[8] In allen Fällen wurde hierbei eine Beladung von über 90 % erzielt.Gewçhnliche Grignard-Reaktionen basieren auf der Verwendung von elementarem Magnesium (Schema 1, Methode A, verwendet für nichtfunktionalisierte Arene), das jedoch mit vielen funktionellen Gruppen nicht kompatibel ist. Daher wurde ein alternatives Anbindungsprotokoll entwickelt, bei dem Knochels iPrMgCl·LiCl verwendet wird, das kompatibel mit Ether-, Carbonyl-, Nitril-und Acetalgruppen sowie anderen Halogensubstituenten ist. [9] Beim Test mehrerer Abspaltungsbedingungen erwies sich das Protokoll, bei dem eine Mischung aus N-Iodsuccinimid (NIS) und HF/Pyridin (Olahs Reagens) verwendet wird, als überlegen. Die Verwendung von 1,3-Dibrom-5,5-di-
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