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Industrialization of goat milk is critical to meet increasing demand. For process optimization and proper preservation of the product, information given by sorption isotherms can be fundamental. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the sorption isotherms of the goat milk powder and use that information to build a design space for the spray drying process. By fitting different mathematical models (GAB, Cavalcanti Mata, Thompson, and Oswin) to the experimental data, thermodynamic data was also determined as a function of equilibrium water content. The results allowed the construction of a phase diagram based on glass transition temperatures, and moisture content of 2.40% at the monolayer which provided a reference for the range of stability of water activity and a target for the final moisture content. By determination of net isosteric heat, it is clear that the values of energy for drying goat milk beyond the monolayer moisture content is much higher than for pure water vaporization enthalpy. Finally, using the fitted GAB model it was possible to construct a design space for the spray drying process of goat milk, and optimal spray drying parameters were determined. Practical Applications The construction of a production design space is critical for process scale‐up. On our work, we developed a new method to build such design space using the information provided by the moisture sorption isotherm and a fundamental model for the spray drying process. Therefore, a theoretical design space can be built with minimal resources which can be very useful for new products.

The drying process is an essential step in the postharvest of grains. The objective of this research was to study the drying kinetics of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.), by introducing a new approach to simplify the Fick equation. Drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 C were used in a hot air convective dryer to dry thin-layers of chickpeas. The mathematical models (Fick, modified Henderson & Pabis, modi

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RESUMO:Os métodos atualmente utilizados para realização de análise sensorial têm deixado muito a desejar por não traduzir satisfatoriamente os resultados. Diante deste problema, analisou-se a possibilidade de introdução de um fator que medisse o índice de concordância dos provadores sobre determinado aspecto analisado. Para validação deste coeficiente, foi avaliada a concordância entre julgadores na análise sensorial para três diferentes amostras de suco de pinha (Annona squamosa L.): uma constituída apenas do suco de pinha sem leite e duas com diferentes concentrações pinha/leite. Utilizou-se a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e também a nova metodologia proposta pelos autores, com base na definição do desvio-padrão, aplicada às frequências absolutas das notas dos julgadores, para cada propriedade sensorial estudada. Com esta metodologia, definiu-se uma relação para o cálculo de uma medida de concordância entre os julgadores, denominada de coeficiente de concordância, a qual pode assumir valores de 0 a 100% e também permite comparações que não são possíveis, utilizando-se da ACP. Por fim, concluiu-se que tal metodologia é mais indicada que a ACP, na avaliação da concordância entre os julgadores na análise sensorial.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: coeficiente de concordância, propriedades sensoriais, degustadores. NEW METHODOLOGY FOR DATA INTERPRETATIONOF FOOD SENSORIAL ANALYSIS ABSTRACT:The methods now used, for accomplishment of sensorial analysis, do not translate the results satisfactorily. Because of this problem, it was analyzed the possibility of introducing a factor that measures the agreement index of the tasters on a particular aspect analyzed. To validate this coefficient, the agreement coefficient among the sensory analysis tasters had been evaluated using three different annona samples; one consisting only of the annona juice (without milk) and the other with different concentrations of juice / milk (mass percentage). This evaluation was accomplished by the Analysis of Main Components (ACP) and by the new methodology also proposed by the authors, with base in the definition of the standard deviation, applied to the absolute frequencies of the tasters' notes, for each studied sensorial property. With this methodology it was defined a relation for calculation of an agreement measure among the tasters, denominated of agreement coefficient, which can assume values from 0 to 100%. Finally, it was concluded that such methodology is more suitable than ACP, in the evaluation of the agreement among the tasters in the sensorial analysis, since that methodology results in a measure of the agreement degree and it allows comparisons that are not possible being used ACP.

The aim of this study was to develop gluten-free bread formulated with red rice flour and microbial transglutaminase and prebiotic (inulin). First, the physicochemical analysis of minerals present in red rice flour was performed. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTgase) [0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%] in combination with fermentation time (FT) [60; 80 and 100 min] on the quality parameters of gluten-free bread. Acceptance test was used to evaluate the sensory characteristics of breads together with multivariate analysis of data. The addition of MTgase increased bread volume, hardness and chewiness. However, the cohesiveness and springiness of all breads remained unaffected. The formulation (1.0% MTgase and 80 min FT) presented the best sensory attributes through PCA (principal component analysis) and greater acceptance. Overall, red rice flour, prebiotic and MTgase are promisingly useful ingredients for the production of gluten-free quality bread.