Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição botânica, a disponibilidade e a qualidade da forragem e da dieta de animais fistulados alimentados na Caatinga, no período chuvoso, em Pernambuco. Avaliaram-se a composição botânica e a disponibilidade de fitomassa dos estratos herbáceo, arbustivo e arbóreo, nos meses de março e junho. A avaliação da qualidade da forragem foi feita por meio da análise bromatológica, realizada em todos os meses do período chuvoso. Characterization of Caatinga vegetation and diet of steers in the "Sertão" of Pernambuco, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the botanical composition, the availability and quality of the fodder and diet of fistulated animals fed in an area of Caatinga, during the rainy season, in Pernambuco State, Brazil. Evaluations of botanical composition and fodder availability of herbaceous, arbustive and arboreous extracts were made in March and June. Fodder quality evaluation was performed through chemical analysis during the wet period. Sixty-seven species were found: 28 herbaceous, 20 arbustive and 18 arboreal; from these species, 19 were found in the animals diet. The fitomass availability from the herbaceous component varied from 1,369 kg ha -1 of dry matter (DM) in March, to 452 kg ha -1 of DM in June. The availability of the arbustive extract layer was close to the herbaceous, while the arboreal component contributed with only 178 kg ha -1 of DM. Despite the relatively high fitomass availability, only a small percentage was considered as fodder from the material found. It was observed a low digestion of the protein, probably due to high levels of lignin.Index terms: availability of forage, botanic composition, fodder quality. IntroduçãoCerca de 40% do globo terrestre está ocupado pelas florestas tropicais e subtropicais, entre as quais 42% são compreendidas pelas florestas secas, onde se inclui a Caatinga. Essas regiões são consideradas como o ecossistema mais explorado e degradado do mundo, pelo uso intensivo da terra. Caracterizada como floresta arbórea ou arbustiva, a Caatinga é composta de árvores e arbustos baixos com algumas características xerofíticas (Prado, 2003). Assim como as diversas matas secas tropicais, a vegetação da Caatinga também é alvo de grande exploração humana, pela atividade agrí-cola desenvolvida, pelo extrativismo na extração de madeira e lenha e pelo uso da pecuária extensiva.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre as características morfológicas e produtivas de clones de palma-forrageira para identificação daqueles que contribuem diretamente na produção. Foram avaliados 50 clones de palma-forrageira estabelecidos no palmal há cinco anos e submetidos ao primeiro corte dois anos antes da avaliação. Foram avaliadas as características da planta e do cladódio, e os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson e pela análise de trilha das variáveis-independentes explicativas sobre a produção de matéria seca em t/ha/2anos (variável-dependente principal). A produção variou entre clones e foi maior nos clones 8, 782 e 418, cujas produções de matéria seca de 40,8; 18,1 e 12,1 t MS/ha/2anos, respectivamente. Houve baixa correlação entre quase todas as variáveis explicativas e a produção considerada variável principal, por isso, foi necessária a associação de características. As características altura associada à largura da planta explicaram melhor o potencial de produção de matéria seca em t/ha/2anos por apresentarem alta correlação com a produção (r = 0,71) e maior efeito direto (0,69). A seleção indireta e não-destrutiva para a produção deve ser baseada em plantas com maior altura e largura.Palavras-chave: análise de trilha, cactácea, morfologia, produtividade Relationship between morphological characteristics and productivity of cactus forage clonesABSTRACT -This research evaluated the relationship among the morphological and productive characteristics of clones of cactus forage for identification of those that directly contribute to the production. It was evaluated 50 clones of cactus forage planted five years ago and submitted to the first cut two years before the evaluation. Characteristics of the plant and of the cladode were evaluated and data were analyzed by descriptive characteristics, Pearson correlation and by path analysis of the explanatory independent variables on the dry matter production in t/ha/2 years (main dependent variable). Production varied among clones and it was the highest in clones 8, 782 e 418 whose dry matter production was of 40.8; 18.1 and 12.1 tMS/ha/2 years, respectively. There was a low correlation among almost all the explanatory variables and the production considered main variable, so, association of characteristics was needed. Characteristic height associated with plant width explained better the potential of dry matter production in t/ha/2 years because they presented a high correlation with production (r = 0.71) and the highest direct effect (0.69). Indirect and non destructive selection for production have to be based on higher and larger plants.Keys Words: cactus, morphology, path analyses, productivity Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia IntroduçãoA palma-forrageira Opuntia fícus indica Mill e Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck conhecida popularmente por palma-gigante e palma-miúda, tem sido largamente utilizada no Nordeste e vem sendo cultivada há várias décadas, por possibilitar a alimentação animal em períodos crítico...
-Caatinga is the most important biome for the livestock in the Brazilian semi-arid region. This review paper aimed to present information on different forage aspects of caatinga vegetation for ruminant feeding. Caatinga vegetation is formed mainly by shrubs and small trees, usually presenting thorns, deciduous leaves, and leaf abscission occurring frequently at the onset of the dry season. Additional components of the botanical composition in this biome includes the families cactaceae, bromeliaceae, and a herbaceous component formed by grasses, legumes, and forbs, often presenting annual cycle. Quantitative information of caatinga vegetation is scarce in the literature, mainly for the herbaceous stratum. Methodological aspects such as lack of standardization across evaluations make comparison regarding forage potential of caatinga plant species difficult. Index species must be identified within each caatinga type. Quantitative aspects of biological N 2 fixation by caatinga species have not been extensively studied. Regarding forage nutritive value, it is necessary to study N availability for ruminants in caatinga plants, since large proportion of this element may bind to fiber components (ADIN). Manipulation of caatinga vegetation is an alternative to change forage quantity and quality for grazing animals, affecting their performance as a result. Studies measuring qualitative and quantitative variability of native forage resources from caatinga are mandatory in order to improve animal feeding management, with the ultimate goal of creating sustainable animal production based on caatinga vegetation.Key Words: chemical composition, native plant, quantitative aspect, semi-arid Potencial de plantas forrageiras da Caatinga na alimentação de ruminantesRESUMO -Considerando a importância do bioma Caatinga na pecuária da região semiárida brasileira, o presente trabalho objetivou apresentar informações sobre diferentes aspectos forrageiros de plantas da caatinga, com vistas à alimentação de ruminantes. A vegetação de caatinga é constituída por arbustos e árvores de pequeno porte, geralmente dotados de espinhos, sendo caducifólias, em sua maioria, perdendo suas folhas no início da estação seca. Complementam ainda a composição botânica desse bioma, cactáceas, bromeliáceas e um componente herbáceo, formado por gramíneas e dicotiledôneas, predominantemente anuais. Informações, principalmente sobre o aspecto quantitativo de plantas da caatinga, notadamente para o estrato herbáceo ainda são escassas. Dificuldades e desuniformidade de metodologias de avaliação, além de falta de detalhamento das metodologias utilizadas, dificultam a comparação de resultados quanto ao potencial forrageiro de algumas plantas. A fixação biológica de N atmosférico por espécies da caatinga até o momento foi pouco estudada, notadamente quanto aos aspectos quantitativos.Faz-se necessária uma avaliação mais profunda sobre a disponibilidade do nitrogênio, uma vez que parte deste pode estar ligado a parede celular (NIDA). A manipulação da caatinga ...
Low N availability is a major limitation in tropical and subtropical pasture systems and one of the main causes for system degradation. Including legumes in forage mixes may enhance soil-N presence and cycling, therefore mitigating the problem. To test this theory, signal grass [Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster] litter chemical composition and decomposition after inclusion of calopo {Galopogonium mucunoides Desv.) at 0, 50, or 100% of litter mass was evaluated. Litter samples were collected from both species and incubated by litter bag technique for 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, or 256 d in 2007 and 2008. Biomass decomposition was described by a simple exponential organic matter (OM) decay model (p < 0.0001; Y predicted [the remaining biomass at a given time of decomposition, predicted by the single exponential model] = 91.11-°°°''5itand 94.16-°°°2i7í for year 1 and 2, respectively). Remaining biomass was lower (p < 0.05) in 2007 (28%) than 2008 (54%) following 256 d incubation at least in part because of greater lignin concentrations in 2008 litter. Pure signal grass litter C:N values were 74 to 76% greater (p < 0.05) than pure legume while the inclusion of 50% calopo reduced (p < 0.05) grass ratios by 62 to 64%. Net annual N mineralization increased (p < 0.05) from 27% without legume to 38% with legume inclusion at 50% of the grass litter, a nutrient cycling acceleration of 16% (p < 0.05). This research indicated that the inclusion of calopo will ameliorate N deficiency in soils of a signal grass pasture.
Visando selecionar clones de palma forrageira resistentes à cochonilha-do-carmim, realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação no período de setembro de 2001 a janeiro de 2002. A partir de infestação artificial com a cochonilha, foram testados 20 clones de palma forrageira, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram observadas a fixação de colônias sobre os cladódios e a porcentagem de cladódios infestados, por meio de uma escala de notas variando de 0 a 5. Os clones que apresentaram maior resistência ao ataque da praga foram Miúda e Orelha de Elefante.
Ensiling warm-season grasses often requires wilting due to their high moisture content, and the presence of low-soluble sugars in these grasses usually demands the use of additives during the ensiling process. This study evaluated the bromatological composition of the fodder and silage from five Pennisetum sp. clones (IPA HV 241, IPA/UFRPE Taiwan A-146 2.114, IPA/UFRPE Taiwan A-146 2.37, Elephant B, and Mott). The contents of 20 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos, which were opened after 90 days of storage, were used for the bromatological analysis and the evaluation of the pH, nitrogen, ammonia, buffer capacity, soluble carbohydrates, and fermentation coefficients. The effluent losses, gases and dry matter recovery were also calculated. Although differences were observed among the clones (p < 0.05) for the concentrations of dry matter, insoluble nitrogen in acid detergents, insoluble nitrogen in neutral detergents, soluble carbohydrates, fermentation coefficients, and in vitro digestibility in the forage before ensiling, no differences were observed for most of these variables after ensiling. All of the clones were efficient in the fermentation process. The IPA/UFRPE TAIWAN A-146 2.37 clone, however, presented a higher dry matter concentration and the best fermentation coefficient, resulting in a better silage quality, compared to the other clones.
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