O n December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake measuring 9.3 on the Richter scale caused a giant wave that devastated coastal regions of several countries. Aceh, the western most province in Indonesia, was the region worst affected by the tsunami. Along hundreds of kilometers of coastline in this province 180,000 people were killed, and houses and buildings were flattened, leaving more than 500,000 people homeless. The damage to the communication infrastructure isolated devastated areas. Donor organizations, domestic and international, built community radio stations to help people access information. Since the tsunami disaster in Aceh, community radio has been used in Indonesia by people in disaster situations for natural disaster management at the grassroots level [1]. Lintas Merapi Community Radio [2] is an example of a grassroots people's initiative that has used local resources to manage and disseminate information in their environment. Living with Natural DisasterEven while Indonesia was recovering from the devastation of the tsunami in Aceh and from the Nias earthquake, which occurred in 2004, additional earthquakes in Java (in the Bantul and Klaten Regencies on May 27, 2006) and a tsunami in Java (Pangandaran Beach, July 17, 2006) shocked the country. In these latter disasters the World Bank and Asian Disaster Reduction Center [3] reported that more than 5000 people were killed. Indonesia also experienced several other natural disasters over the following years, such as a landslide in Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara
During a pandemic, people need information as a basis for knowledge and policymaking. This study aimed to describe the news about Covid-19 in the online media detik.com. This research used the quantitative content analysis method. The news from 688 articles with a period from 6 January to 9 March 2020 were collected. Disaster communication was used as a framework for understanding pandemic journalism. Pandemic journalism promoted health by presenting information that is ethical and scientifically based. News coverage during pandemics paid attention to vulnerable groups and expedited handling of pandemics. This study showed that news on detik.com is dominated by direct news 35%, health themes 52%, news with prevention dimensions 53%, and 90% news using scientific terms without any explanation. The news detik.com is still working on presenting pandemic journalism.
In every disaster, problems of information and communication distribution always occur. The communication channel is very dependent on various supporting facilities. Electricity, transmitter towers, broadcasting stations, to human resources. In two big disasters in Indonesia in 2018: the Lombok earthquake; and the earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction in Palu, there were issues of the information and communication channels. Local people do not know the conditions that occur in their area and the situation of their families. While outsiders, the government, and rescue teams did not get detailed information from the affected areas. In countries with high intensity of natural disasters, emergency broadcasting policies have been long practiced. The simplest device for emergency broadcasting is radio. This kind of media can immediately air with simple facilities. Regardless, the initiative of emergency radio has not yet adopted into regulation in Indonesia. Therefore, the emergency radio initiator limited to a handful of organization like in Lombok earthquake. Conversely in Palu disaster, there was a Ministerial Decree of Information and Communication Ministry Number 773/2018 (KM 773), regulation that simplify access to radio frequency. Using comparative method, this research examined these two disasters to analyze the differences of emergency radio practices. Only 1.5 months away and similar location features, the emergency radios initiation differ in several aspects related subjects that regulated in this KM. The result shows that this KM can broaden all aspects of emergency broadcasting radio. Although, the KM unable to shorten the time of emergency radio implementation. Regulation change only limited to frequency access. A broader regulation change is needed to support the practice of emergency radio.
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