Geomorphologic characteristics like altitude and terrain slope have an important but often neglected impact on light conditions in orchards. The study concentrated on the impact of altitude and terrain slope in combination with various colours of anti-hail nets (red, grey, blue, green and black) on the light and microclimate conditions in apple orchards.The results exhibit a large reduction of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under the nets, most prominently under blue and red nets (reduction between 38.7 and 45.6%), while the impact of coloured nets on other microclimatic parameters (average air temperature, relative air humidity, temperature of dew point, wet-bulb temperature, heat index, minimum air temperature, maximum air temperature) remain irrelevant. The only consistent difference is an average of 2% increase of maximum air temperature under the blue net in comparison to other treatments. The use of the net also significantly reduce the wind speed (on average by 56.3%) and air flow (on average by 63.4%), and changes the distribution of precipitation in the orchard, most prominently in cases of heavy rain and drizzle. Regarding the orchard's geomorphologic characteristics, a positive relationship exists between altitude and PAR.
The new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been designed to shrink funds that Hungarian agricultural reform will in Nowadays, anti-hail nets are a part of basic equipment in a modern apple orchards. They decrease the risks of apple production and thus allow regular and quality apple harvest. Colours of nets differently obstruct the passing of light through the net, which directly affects some quality parameters of the yield, especially the fruit skin colour. The article includes a brief overview of studies associated with the impact of light exposure under different types of anti-hail nets on quality of apple fruits, as well as investigations which deal with adaptation of various technological measures, such as the use of reflective ground foil. A part of data from the existing literature explains the effect of anti-hail net usage on forming a microclimate under the net, and consequently, its effect on the development and dynamics of diseases and pests.
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