Geomorphologic characteristics like altitude and terrain slope have an important but often neglected impact on light conditions in orchards. The study concentrated on the impact of altitude and terrain slope in combination with various colours of anti-hail nets (red, grey, blue, green and black) on the light and microclimate conditions in apple orchards.The results exhibit a large reduction of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under the nets, most prominently under blue and red nets (reduction between 38.7 and 45.6%), while the impact of coloured nets on other microclimatic parameters (average air temperature, relative air humidity, temperature of dew point, wet-bulb temperature, heat index, minimum air temperature, maximum air temperature) remain irrelevant. The only consistent difference is an average of 2% increase of maximum air temperature under the blue net in comparison to other treatments. The use of the net also significantly reduce the wind speed (on average by 56.3%) and air flow (on average by 63.4%), and changes the distribution of precipitation in the orchard, most prominently in cases of heavy rain and drizzle. Regarding the orchard's geomorphologic characteristics, a positive relationship exists between altitude and PAR.
Abstract. e paper presents a project of renovating a levelling line from Hydroelectric Power Plant Medvode to Hydroelectric Power Plant Vrhovo. e levelling line is situated along the Sava River. A new height of benchmark was needed as a vertical reference system for the project building up a new HPP between the previously mentioned HPP. Further, the paper presents processing data on measurements (scale and temperature corrections). Gravimetric measurement was performed due to the determination of the geopotencial number and dynamic and normal heights. Slovenian o cial vertical system contains normal orthometric heights so we also calculated normal orthometric heights. Moreover, the article discusses the accuracy of measurements (levelling and gravimetric) and analyses height calculated in di erent vertical systems and vertical movements along the levelling line.
The knowledge of physical processes and changes in the atmosphere is essential when addressing the fundamental problem, i.e. the accuracy of geodetic measurements. In levelling operations, all these changes are explained as the effect of refraction, which systematically distorts the results of levelling. Different ways of addressing the effect of refraction are represented based on the modelling of the vertical temperature gradient as the quantity that has the most influence on the refraction phenomenon.
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