Yersinia enterocolitica is one of the priority biological hazards in pork inspection. Persistence of the pathogen, including strains resistant to antimicrobials, should be evaluated in pigs from different housing systems for risk ranking of farms. In this 2019 study, tonsils were collected from 234 pigs, of which 69 (29.5%) were fattened on 3 big integrated farms, 130 (55.5%) on 10 medium-sized farms, and 35 (15%) on 13 small family farms. In addition, 92 pork cuts and minced meat samples from the same farms were tested for the presence of Y. enterocolitica using the culture method. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the isolates were compared with previously collected isolates from 2014. The overall prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pig tonsils was 43% [95% CI 36.7–49.7]. In pigs from big integrated, medium-sized, and small family farms, the prevalence was 29%, 52%, and 40%, respectively. All retail samples of portioned and minced pork tested negative for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, likely due to high hygienic standards in slaughterhouses/cutting meat or low sensitivity of culture methods in these matrices. The highest recovery rate of the pathogen from tonsils was found when alkali-treated PSB and CIN agar were combined. The biosecurity category of integrated and medium farms did not affect the differences in prevalence of Y. enterocolitica (p > 0.05), in contrast to family farms. Pathogenic ail-positive Y. enterocolitica biotype 4 serotype O:3 persisted in the tonsils of pigs regardless of the type of farm, slaughterhouse, and year of isolation 2014 and 2019. PFGE typing revealed the high genetic concordance (80.6 to 100%) of all the Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates. A statistically significant higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates was detected in the tonsils of pigs from big integrated farms compared to the other farm types (p < 0.05), with predominant and increasing resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. This study demonstrated multidrug resistance of the pathogen in pigs likely due to more antimicrobial pressure on big farms, with intriguing resistance to some clinically relevant antimicrobials used in the treatment of yersiniosis in humans.

Anaplazmoza je vektorski prenosiva zoonoza koja ima javnozdravstveno značenje i koja se svrstava u skupinu emergentnih bolesti. Prouzročena je vrstom Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a prenosi se preko krpelja. Dokazana je u 39 zemalja svijeta kao i u Hrvatskoj te je uz babeziozu najprisutnija bolest koju prenose krpelji, a izaziva i velike ekonomske gubitke. Utvrđena zemljopisna rasprostranjenost A. phagocytophilum obuhvaća Ameriku, Europu, Afriku i Aziju. Međutim, oboljenja ljudi uglavnom se javljaju u Sjevernoj Americi, dok se u Europi i Aziji rijetko prijavljuju. Epidemiološke studije u Europi sugeriraju povećani profesionalni rizik od infekcije za radnike u šumarstvu, lovce, veterinare i poljoprivrednike koji imaju povijest uboda krpelja, a žive u endemskim područjima. Zbog toga anaplazmoza predstavlja javnozdravstveni problem. Iako je ukupna genetska raznolikost A. phagocytophilum u Europi veća nego u SAD-u, sojevi odgovorni za infekciju ljudi srodni su na oba kontinenta. Genetska varijabilnost i procjena razlike patogenosti i infektivnosti između sojeva za različite domaćine do danas nisu dovoljno istraženi. Međutim, iako je broj radova koji opisuju genetsku varijabilnost anaplazme sve veći, još uvijek je nedovoljno podataka za razumijevaAnaplazmoza je vektorski prenosiva zoonoza koja ima javnozdravstveno značenje i koja se svrstava u skupinu emergentnih bolesti. Prouzročena je vrstom Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a prenosi se preko krpelja. Dokazana je u 39 zemalja svijeta kao i u Hrvatskoj te je uz babeziozu najprisutnija bolest koju prenose krpelji, a izaziva i velike ekonomske gubitke. Utvrđena zemljopisna rasprostranjenost A. phagocytophilum obuhvaća Ameriku, Europu, Afriku i Aziju. Međutim, oboljenja ljudi uglavnom se javljaju u Sjevernoj Americi, dok se u Europi i Aziji rijetko prijavljuju. Epidemiološke studije u Europi sugeriraju povećani profesionalni rizik od infekcije za radnike u šumarstvu, lovce, veterinare i poljoprivrednike koji imaju povijest uboda krpelja, a žive u endemskim područjima. Zbog toga anaplazmoza predstavlja javnozdravstveni problem. Iako je ukupna genetska raznolikost A. phagocytophilum u Europi veća nego u SAD-u, sojevi odgovorni za infekciju ljudi srodni su na oba kontinenta. Genetska varijabilnost i procjena razlike patogenosti i infektivnosti između sojeva za različite domaćine do danas nisu dovoljno istraženi. Međutim, iako je broj radova koji opisuju genetsku varijabilnost anaplazme sve veći, još uvijek je nedovoljno podataka za razumijevanje geografske distribucije i prijemljivosti domaćina na pojedine sojeve, a nedovoljno je istražena i povezanost patogenosti i infektivnosti sojeva za različite vrste domaćina. U Hrvatskoj postoji veći broj radova koji se bave istraživanjima bolesti koje se prenose vektorima i uglavnom usmjerena na istraživanja domaćih životinja, poglavito pasa, dok je populacija divljih životinja, uključujući divlje kanide, još uvijek nedovoljno istražena. Radi toga su potrebne daljnje studije da bi se utvrdila prevalencija i distribucija A. phagocytophilum kao vektorski prenosivog uzročnika u divljih kanida i njihovih ektoparazita.nje geografske distribucije i prijemljivosti domaćina na pojedine sojeve, a nedovoljno je istražena i povezanost patogenosti i infektivnosti sojeva za različite vrste domaćina. U Hrvatskoj postoji veći broj radova koji se bave istraživanjima bolesti koje se prenose vektorima i uglavnom usmjerena na istraživanja domaćih životinja, poglavito pasa, dok je populacija divljih životinja, uključujući divlje kanide, još uvijek nedovoljno istražena. Radi toga su potrebne daljnje studije da bi se utvrdila prevalencija i distribucija A. phagocytophilum kao vektorski prenosivog uzročnika u divljih kanida i njihovih ektoparazita.

Aujeszky's disease is a viral disease of animals, primarily pigs, which are considered to be the natural hosts. It is endemic in many parts of the world, but there are areas and countries that have successfully eradicated this disease. Due to mandatory control measures and trade barriers, Aujeszky's disease causes significant economic losses. Although, it has been eradicated in most European Union Member States, there are still areas and countries where it persists. In the Republic of Croatia, the disease has not yet been eradicated from the domestic pig population, although surveillance and eradication has been carried out since 2013. This paper presents the results of serological testing of domestic pigs for Aujeszky's disease in the period from 2013 to 2021. The prevalence of Aujeszky's disease at the farm level by year in the study period ranged from 4.66% (CI 95%, 4.39-4.95) to 0.67% (CI 95%, 0.35-1.28). Since 2016, prevalence was at an average level of 1.26% (CI 95%, 0.67-1.95%). The highest prevalence 10.28% (CI 95%, 9.15-11.53) was found in Varaždin County, and the lowest 0.14 % (CI 95%, 0.07-0.31) in Krapina-Zagorje County.

The employment of veterinarians is an indicator of economic development and of the quality of the relationship between humans and nature. Several authors have published reports on the employment of veterinarians. This paper examines the trends in unemployment and employment of veterinarians according to the records of the Croatian Employment Service (CES) in the period from 2010 to 2019. The CES is a public institution of the Republic of Croatia established under the Labour Market Act (Official Gazette 118/18) that plays a key role in regulating supply and demand on the labour market of the Republic of Croatia. The average number of employed veterinarians was higher than the average number of veterinarians registered in the CES records. An average of 181 veterinarians were sought annually, 160 were employed and 143 were registered, indicating that demand surpassed supply. Veterinarians were recruited faster than the average person with a college degree, within 180 days, and very few were in longterm unemployment. Most were employed in the category of young people (up to 30 years of age), and most were employed without any previous work experience. More women than men were employed. Most veterinarians were employed in the City of Zagreb, which reflects the relatively low livestock production and depopulation of rural areas, as the traditionally main and safest source of employment for veterinarians. According to the National Classification of Economic Activities (NKD), veterinarians were employed in almost all groups of activities, allowing for greater employment flexibility and mobility on the labour market. According to the National Classification of Occupations (NKZ), on the other hand, most veterinarians were employed in group 2 (experts and scientists), likely since veterinary medicine is a regulated profession. This also means that several were employed under their qualification levels. The employment of veterinarians was relatively better than for other university-educated workers, due to the relatively higher number of registered vacancies. The regression equation showed that the number of jobs offered to veterinarians in the observed period increased by slightly more than 9 jobs per year, indicating a possible increase in demand for veterinarians in the future. The same trend is seen in the projection of future trends in the labour market, which predicted an increase in the number of employed veterinarians in the period from 2014 to 2020, as well as an increase in the number of retirements. The data imply that it is necessary to increase the number of veterinarians, but also to raise their competencies to meet the increased competition on the European and global labour markets.

Nova generacija sekvenciranja predstavlja znatan tehnološki napredak koji omogućuje velik napredak u poznavanju genoma životinja te sve širu primjenu u različitim područjima veterinarske medicine. Danas se napredne tehnologije primjenjuju u sekvenciranju cijelog genoma životinja, sekvenciranju njihovih egzoma, ciljanom sekvenciranju DNK fragmenata i sekvenciranju RNK. Ovaj pregled usmjeren je na trenutačna dostignuća, primjenu i izazove povezane s uporabom naprednih tehnologija sekvenciranja. Prikazana je i primjena tehnologije nove generacije sekvenciranja u genomici životinja kao i njezin daljnji razvoj i buduća primjena.