Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystemic disease of unknown aetiology, characterised by non-caseating granulomas. Ocular involvement rate ranges from 30% to 60% among individuals with sarcoidosis, and can vary widely, making the diagnosis a challenge to the ophthalmologist. Cutaneous manifestations occur in about 22% of sarcoidosis cases, but eyelid involvement is rare. Eyelid swelling and nodules are the most frequent forms of eyelid involvement, but other findings have been reported. The joint analysis of clinical history, ancillary exams and compatible biopsy is needed for the diagnosis, as well as the exclusion of other possible conditions. This review aims to describe the different forms of presentations, the clinical reasoning and treatment options for ocular, eyelid and orbital sarcoidosis.
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a systemic inflammatory disease and is classified as Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) depending on the extent of gastrointestinal tract involvement. IBD can be associated with extraintestinal findings, such as fever, weight loss, arthralgia, and mucocutaneous lesions, as well as hepatic, renal and ophthalmological involvement. Clinical parameters and colonoscopy are used to establish the criteria for controlled or non-controlled disease and subsequent definition of treatment. Our objective in the present study was to compare the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in patients with a diagnosis of IBD during remission and active disease. Methods 144 eyes of 72 patients with IBD were evaluated via a complete ophthalmological exam. Fundus photography and optical coherence tomography/angiography (OCT/OCTA) were performed with a Topcon Triton. The macula and posterior pole were evaluated by binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus biomicroscopy. The area of the FAZ was determined via manual delimitation of superficial retinal vascular layers from OCTA with image6.net software. To establish disease activity, we considered the Mayo Score, fecal calprotectin levels, colonoscopy results and clinical parameters. All retinal parameters were evaluated in a blinded manner. Means were compared between groups using the Mann–Whitney test. Results The participants had a mean age of 42.26 years and included 28 males (38.88%) and 44 females (61.11%). Among the participants, 37 had a diagnosis of CD (51.38%), and 35 had a diagnosis of UC (48.61%). Twenty-five patients (34.72%) had active disease, and 47 (65.27%) were in remission. The area of the FAZ did not differ significantly between the CD and UC groups ( p = 0.91 for the right eye and p = 0.76 for the left eye) but did differ significantly between the remission and active disease groups ( p = 0.01 for the right eye and p = 0.02 for the left eye). Discussion Our study is the first to evaluate the area of the FAZ in patients with IBD via swept-source OCTA. The area of the FAZ did not differ significantly in either eye between the CD and UC groups. However, patients classified as having active disease according to clinical parameters and colonoscopy presented a significant decrease in the area of the FAZ compared with patients in remission. The area of the FAZ is an ophthalmological parameter that can be obtained non-invasively and is increased in ischemic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. The FAZ may decrease due to vascular engorgement or increased systemic inflammation. This parameter can be used to help determine whether a patient is in remission or active IBD, thus potentially reducing the need for invasive exams during disease follow-up.
Despite advances in treatment, 30% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases are refractory or relapse after chemoimmunotherapy. Currently, the relationship between angiogenesis and angiomiRs in DLBCL is unknown. We classified 84 DLBCL cases according to stromal signatures and evaluated the expression of pro- and antiangiomiRs in paraffin embedded tissues of DLBCL and correlated them with microvascular density (MVD). 40% of cases were classified as stromal-1, 50% as stromal-2 and 10% were not classified. We observed increased expression of proangiomiRs Let-7f, miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19b, miR-126, miR-130a, miR-210, miR-296 and miR-378 in 14%, 57%, 30%, 45%, 12%, 12%, 56%, 58% and 48% of the cases, respectively. Among antiangiomiRs we found decreased expression of miR-16, miR-20b, miR-92a, miR-221 and miR-328 in, respectively, 27%, 71%, 2%, 44% and 11%. We found association between increased expression of proangiomiRs miR-126 and miR-130a and antiangiomiR miR-328 and the subtype non-GCB. We found higher levels of the antiangiomiRs miR-16, miR-221 and miR-328 in patients with low MVD and stromal-1 signature. IPI and CD34 confirmed independent impact on survival of the study group. None of the above angiomiRs showed significance as biomarker in an independent serum samples cohort of patients and controls. In conclusion, we confirmed association between antiangiomiRs miR-16, miR-221 and miR-328 and stromal-1 signature. Four angiomiRs emerged as potential therapeutic targets: proangiomiRs miR-17, miR-210 and miR-296 and antiangiomiR miR-20b. Although the four microRNAs seem to be important in DLBCL pathogenesis, they were not predictive of DLBCL onset or relapse in the serum independent cohort.
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