Background: Bushmeat represents an important animal protein source for populations in rural areas of Côte d'Ivoire; consequently, the exploitation of the bushmeat reserves has contributed to food security in these areas for long time. However, emergence of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa in 2014 has led to a ban and stigmatization of this essential food source in rural zones. The present study analyses the influence of the decision to ban bushmeat consumption due to EVD on the patterns of consumption of proteins sources and food security. It aims to characterize the different protein sources consumed in rural areas in the Toumodi region before and after the EVD outbreak in order to identify alternatives to bushmeat. Results:The results demonstrated that fish remains the principal animal protein source (92.1% of households) even outside the EVD crisis. Among protein sources, only bushmeat and fish consumptions have been modified with the Ebola threat. The proportion of households that regularly consume bushmeat decreased to 19.8%, however, this reduction in consumption has been driving by sensitization and repression. Fish consumption frequency increased from 4 to 7 times per week in the EVD crisis period. Picking up in the bush is a main mode of supply of some protein sources such as snail or shellfish but their seasonal character limits their use in the households. Vegetable protein sources seem to play a minor role in the diet of the households assessed, whereas edible mushrooms are consumed frequently to complement or substitute animal protein sources. Conclusion:The ban on bushmeat has led to a reduction in its consumption while fish and edible mushrooms seem to have filled related protein deficits in the households assessed. However, constraints in availability and utilization of these alternative sources build an inconsistent basis to fulfil the nutritional needs. To counteract potentially arising protein deficiencies among the population, the development and implementation of fish farming and livestock at short cycle are suggested in order to improve access to protein sources other than bushmeat.
A new Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, microaerophilic bacterium, designated strain M5 T , was isolated from a decantation reservoir of olive mill wastewater. The cells were rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming and catalase-negative. Growth occurred at pH ranging from 45 to 95, with optimum growth at 70. The optimum temperature for growth was around 30 SC. Although growth occurred under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, the optimum O 2 concentration for growth was determined as 5 % in the gas phase of the culture. During anaerobic growth, glucose or lactate were mainly fermented to propionate, acetate and CO 2 . In the presence of O 2 (more than 2 %), glucose was oxidized completely to CO 2 . The GMC content of the DNA was 677O06 mol % and 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that the new isolate belonged to the cluster of ' dairy ' propionibacteria, Propionibacterium acidipropionici being its closest phylogenic relative (975 % similarity). However, the level of DNA relatedness between strain M5 T and P. acidipropionici was 562 %. Consequently, both the phenotypic (range of substrates used) and genotypic characteristics of strain M5T allow it to be assigned as a new species of the genus Propionibacterium, Propionibacterium microaerophilum sp. nov. The type strain is strain M5 T (l CNCM I-2360 T l DSM 13435 T ).
This study was conducted to determine the risk factors associated with the contamination of lettuce grown in the suburban area of Abidjan. A total of 216 samples were collected. Total aerobic bacterial counts and Enterobacteriaceae were investigated on soil, fertilizer, irrigation water and lettuce samples. Mean values of total aerobic count for sites 1 and 2 were 9.97 log 10 cfu/g and 8.20 log 10 cfu/g for the manure respectively, and 8.11 log 10 cfu/g for the soil of both sites. Lettuce samples from the market were more contaminated by Enterobacteriaceae than those obtained from the production sites. The main enterobacteria isolated were Salmonella gallinarum, Serratia marcescens and E. coli. All the lettuce samples analysed were contaminated by E. coli and Serratia. The prevalences of Serratia marcescens on lettuce from the market and from the production sites 1 and 2 were 58.33%, 33.33% and 41.67% respectively while those of E. coli were 33.33%, 25% and 8.33% respectively. The most common Salmonella serotypes isolated was Salmonella gallinarum with prevalences of 50%, 41.67%, 58.33%. Salmonella choleraesuis and Shigella sonnei were weakly represented. The manure has the highest potential as a source of contamination and infection of lettuce followed by the soils.
BackgroundParagonimiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by an infection with lung flukes that is transmitted through the consumption of undercooked crabs. The disease is often confused with tuberculosis. Paragonimiasis is thought to be endemic in south-western Côte d'Ivoire.MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys were carried out in the first half of 2009 in patients attending two tuberculosis centres of Abidjan. A third cross-sectional survey was conducted in May 2010 in children of two primary schools in Dabou, where crabs are frequently consumed. Patients with chronic cough provided three sputum samples plus one stool sample. Sputum samples were examined for tuberculosis with an auramine staining technique and for Paragonimus eggs using a concentration technique. Stool samples were subjected to the Ritchie technique. Schoolchildren provided a single stool sample, and samples were subjected to the Kato-Katz and an ether-concentration technique. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to patients and schoolchildren to investigate food consumption habits. Additionally, between June 2009 and August 2010, shellfish were purchased from markets in Abidjan and Dabou and examined for metacercariae.ResultsNo human case of paragonimiasis was diagnosed. However, trematode infections were seen in 32 of the 272 shellfish examined (11.8%). Questionnaire results revealed that crab and pig meat is well cooked before consumption. Among the 278 patients with complete data records, 62 had tuberculosis, with a higher prevalence in males than females (28.8% vs. 13.9%, χ2 = 8.79, p = 0.003). The prevalence of helminths and intestinal protozoa was 4.6% and 16.9%, respectively. In the school survey, among 166 children with complete data records, the prevalence of helminths and intestinal protozoa was 22.3% and 48.8%, respectively. Boys had significantly higher prevalences of helminths and intestinal protozoa than girls. Hookworm was the predominant helminth species and Entamoeba coli was the most common intestinal protozoon species (13.8%).ConclusionsNot a single case of Paragonimus was found in two high-risk groups of Côte d'Ivoire, most likely explained by food consumption habits. However, other helminth and intestinal protozoon infections were common.
pH affected significantly the growth and the glucose fermentation pattern of Propionibacterium microaerophilum. In neutral conditions (pH 6.5-7.5), growth and glucose fermentation rate (qs) were optimum producing propionate, acetate, CO(2), and formate [which together represented 90% (wt/wt) of the end products], and lactate representing only 10% (wt/wt) of the end products. In acidic conditions, propionate, acetate, and CO(2) represented nearly 100% (wt/wt) of the fermentation end products, whereas in alkaline conditions, a shift of glucose catabolism toward formate and lactate was observed, lactate representing 50% (wt/wt) of the fermentation end products. The energy cellular yields ( Y(X/ATP)), calculated (i) by taking into account extra ATP synthesized through the reduction of fumarate into succinate, was 6.1-7.2 g mol(-1). When this extra ATP was omitted, it was 11.9-13.1 g mol(-1). The comparison of these values with those of Y(X/ATP) in P. acidipropionici and other anaerobic bacteria suggested that P. microaerophilum could not synthesize ATP through the reduction of fumarate into succinate and therefore differed metabolically from P. acidipropionici.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), particularly mycolactone producing mycobacteria (MPM), are bacteria found in aquatic environments causing skin diseases in humans like Buruli ulcer (BU). Although the causative agent for BU, Mycobacterium ulcerans has been identified and associated with slow-moving water bodies, the real transmission route is still unknown. This study aimed to characterize MPMs from environmental aquatic samples collected in a BU non-endemic community, Adiopodoumé, in Côte d’Ivoire. Sixty samples were collected in four types of matrices (plant biofilms, water filtrate residues, plant detritus and soils) from three water bodies frequently used by the population. Using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), MPMs were screened for the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) mycobacterial gene, the IS2404 insertion sequence, and MPM enoyl reductase (ER) gene. Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) typing with loci 6, 19, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit 1 (MIRU1) and sequence type 1(ST1) was performed to discriminate between different MPMs. Our findings showed 66.7%, 57.5% and 43.5% of positivity respectively for 16S rRNA, IS2404 and ER. MPM discrimination using VNTR typing did not show any positivity and therefore did not allow precise MPM distinction. Nevertheless, the observed contamination of some water bodies in a BU non-endemic community by MPMs suggests the possibility of pathogen dissemination and transmission to humans. These aquatic environments could also serve as reservoirs that should be considered during control and prevention strategies.
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