The Physalis angulata L. species has attracted interest due to the production of compounds with pharmacological activity and its potential for fruiticulture. Given that it is a fast-growing and highly productive species, determining the most adequate nitrogen (N) doses could contribute to higher crop yields. This study aimed at assessing the influence of N concentrations, in a hydroponic system, on the growth and production of P. angulata, as well as determining the critical N level in leaves. The experiment was conducted in individual pots with nutrient solutions, applying a completely randomized design and twelve replications, using five N doses (0 mg L-1, 56 mg L-1, 112 mg L-1, 168 mg L-1 and 224 mg L-1). Growth and production indices, amount of total N on leaves and stems and critical N levels were assessed. The increase of N doses in the nutrient solution influenced plant growth and fruit production, as well as the accumulation of total N in the leaves and stems. Based on the maximum economic yield, a dose of 162 mg L-1 of N is recommended for hydroponics, which provided a fruit yield of 7.27 g m-2 and critical total N level in leaves of 51.98 g kg-1.

A seringueira na fase adulta possui um crescimento intermitente com o processo de troca de folhas, que é caracterizado pela senescência. Esse é um mecanismo que as árvores utilizam para reciclarem os nutrientes, por meio dos ciclos bioquímico e biogeoquímico. Estudos sobre o ciclo bioquímico são necessários para verificar o comportamento dos nutrientes minerais, nos diferentes estádios foliares, pois a conservação desses é importante, visto que os seringais são implantados em solos de baixa fertilidade. Desse modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a dinâmica dos nutrientes minerais, durante os diferentes estádios foliares da seringueira. As folhas utilizadas foram provenientes de plantas do clone RRIM-600, de um seringal localizado em Nepomuceno, MG. Foram selecionadas oito árvores adultas que possuíam folhas nos diferentes estádios (B1, B2, C e D) e as senescentes (Sen.). As folhas nos estádios B1, B2, C e D foram coletadas nos quatro pontos ortogonais e as senescentes foram coletadas no solo após a agitação mecânica dos galhos. Observou-se que os nutrientes N, P, K, S, Cu e Zn diminuíram os seus teores nos diferentes estádios foliares da seringueira. No entanto, para Ca, Mg, B, Fe e Mn, verificarou-se um comportamento inverso. A redistribuição dos nutrientes foi maior para N, P, K e Cu. A ordem relativa dos teores de macronutrientes encontrados nas folhas foi: N>K>Ca>Mg≥S>P e, para os micronutrientes, a ordem foi: Mn>Fe>Zn>B>Cu. PalavRas-chave: Hevea brasiliensis. Ciclagem de nutrientes. Redistribuição de nutriente. Desenvolvimento foliar. Nutrição de plantas. Concentration and redistribution of mineral nutrients at different stages in the development of the Rubber tree leaf. abstRactThe Rubber tree during its adult phase presents intermittent growth within the leaf exchange process characterized by senescence, which is a nutrient-recycling mechanism used by trees through biochemical and biogeochemical cycles. Studies including biochemical cycles are necessary in order to verify the mineral nutrients' dynamics at different leaf stages. The conservation of such nutrients is very important to optimize the growing conditions for rubber plantations which are located in soils with low fertility. This study aims to evaluate the mineral nutrients' dynamics during different leaf stages of the rubber tree, leaves were collected from the clones of RRIM-600 taken from a rubber tree plantation in Nepomuceno County, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Eight adult examples with leaves in different stages: B1, B2, C and D, plus senescent leaves (Sen) were selected for the study. Samples from leaves in stages B1, B2, C and D were taken from the trees at the four orthogonal points; the senescent leaves were collected from the ground after mechanically shaking the branches. The study revealed a decrease in the level of N, P, K, S, Cu and Zn during the development of the rubber tree's leaf. In contrast, during the same period the levels of Ca, Mg, B, Fe and Mn increased. The redistribution for N, P, K and Cu was higher and the...

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical-chemical and physiological changes during the maturation of fruits and seeds of P. peruviana and to determine the best stage for harvesting in the Brazillian semi-arid conditions. The fruits of P. peruviana were collected at five stages of maturation based on the color of the epicarp: stage 1: light green fruit; stage 2: yellowish-green; stage 3: light yellow with green color in the area that connects to the calyx; stage 4: yellow; stage 5: yellowish-orange. Physical and physico-chemical (length, diameter, fresh weight, fruit and calyx color, and total soluble solids) characteristics were evaluated. The physiological characteristics of the seeds were evaluated for water content and dry weight, germination percentage, germination speed index, emergence percentage, emergence speed index were also determined. The highest values of fruit weight, width, length and total soluble solids were recorded from stage S5, although it did not differ from stages S3 and S4. P. peruviana seeds reached their maximum physiological quality from S3 stage. On the other hand, the harvesting of fruits with characteristics meeting the minimum standards required for sale and consumption in natura should be carried out when the fruit and the calyx appear completely yellow, in the S4 stage. These findings point out which attributes may help improve current methods for monitoring ripening of physalis, in particular the commercially important specie P. peruviana.

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O sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) é utilizado para a extração das fibras contidas em suas folhas, sendo a principal fibra dura produzida no mundo. Entretanto, tem sido observado um declínio dessa cultura, devido a uma doença causada pelo fungo de solo Aspergilus niger. A biotecnologia, em especial as técnicas de cultura de tecidos, representa uma alternativa viável para a propagação dessa espécie. Dentre essas técnicas, está a embriogênese somática e, nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou caracterizar a morfogênese in vitro, durante a embriogênese somática, em A. sisalana Perrine. Em todos os experimentos, utilizaram-se bulbilhos como explantes e meio de cultura MS½ acrescido de sacarose (30,0 g L-1), solidificado com ágar (7,0 g L-1) suplementado com diferentes concentrações de auxinas e citocininas. Os explantes formaram calos com aspectos compactos e semicompactos, evidenciando células embriogênicas que se converteram em embriões somáticos, com o uso de 2,4-D e BAP. Por meio das análises anatômicas, pôde-se observar embriões em estádios globular e torpedo e a não conexão com o calo mãe.

The Physalis genus includes species with nutraceutical uses and is typically identified by morphological characteristics. In Brazil and the world, the best-known species are P. angulata, P. peruviana and P. ixocarpa emerging more in the production of fruit used for various purposes. In this scenario, the physicochemical characteristics of mature fruits and seeds, are extremely important, especially for commercial purposes as well as the separation and identification of promising genotypes. Biometric analysis of ripe fruit, measuring the o Brix, seed analyses were performed and compared four potential species Physalis grown in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Principal component analysis showed two of the ten analyzed characteristics that represent about 98% of the total variance observed between species, namely: °Brix and E15 (Emergency in 15 days after sowing). P. ixocarpa fruit stood out in relation to other species, reaching the highest average for the biometric data. Key words:o Brix; emergency; Physalis ixocarpa; P. peruviana; P. angulata Características biométricas de frutos e caracterização fisiológica de sementes de espécies de Physalis (Solanaceae)RESUMO O gênero Physalis inclui espécies com usos nutracêuticos e são identificadas basicamente por caracteristicas morfológicas. No Brasil e no mundo as espécies mais conhecidas são P. angulata, P. ixocarpa e P. peruviana despontando mais na produção de frutos utilizados para diversos fins. Neste cenário, as características físico-químicas dos frutos maduros e sementes são extremamente importantes, especialmente para fins comerciais bem como na separação e identificação de genótipos promissores. Análises biométricas de frutos maduros, a medição do o Brix, análises de sementes foram realizados e comparados entre quatro espécies potenciais de Physalis, cultivadas em Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil. Análises de componentes principais mostraram duas das dez características analisadas que representam cerca de 98% da variância total observada entre as espécies, a saber: °Brix e E15 (Emergência em 15 dias após a semeadura). Frutos de P. ixocarpa se destacaram em relação às outras espécies, atingindo as maiores médias para os dados biométricos. Palavras-chave:o Brix; emergência; Physalis ixocarpa; P. peruviana; P. angulata 1 Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano, BR 232, km 508, Zona Rural, CEP 56000-000, Salgueiro-PE, Brasil.

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