Parenting women emerging from prison on parole face numerous challenges to their successful reentry into the community. Along with finding housing, employment, and satisfying the conditions of their supervision, parenting women must also reassume their roles as mothers. This article adds to the literature on reentry by placing women's maternal concerns at the forefront of this process. Combining quantitative explorations of women's parole case files (203) with in-depth interviews (25), this research demonstrates that reentering mothers confront many of the same problems that mediated their incarceration: poverty, lack of education, unstable housing, lack of access to social services, underemployment, and addiction. While the maternal role may constitute a conventional identity "script" for these ex-inmates and motivate their success on parole, the challenges they face that impact their childrearing before prison make reassuming their maternal roles a precarious enterprise. Recommendations for gender-responsive policies and programs are provided.

The advent of digital, electronic, and molecular technologies has allowed the study of complete genomes. Integrating this information into drug development has opened the door for pharmacogenomic (PGx) interventions in direct patient care. PGx allows clinicians to better identify drug of choice and optimize dosing regimens based on an individual's genetic characteristics. Integrating PGx into pediatric care is a priority for the Sanford Children's Genomic Medicine Consortium, a partnership of ten children's hospitals across the US committed to the innovation and advancement of genomics in pediatric care. In this white paper, we review the current state of PGx research and its clinical utility in pediatrics, a largely understudied population, and make recommendations for advancing cutting-edge practice in pediatrics.

This paper develops what some researchers are now calling the 'pathways' approach to understanding women's criminality. This perspective argues that women's offending is an outgrowth of histories of violence, trauma, and addiction À conditioned by race, culture, gender inequality, and class. This paper expands the perspective on crime across the life course for females, providing a more nuanced analysis of the nature of intimate relationships and developmental turning points for women. Whereas men's assumption of adult responsibilities such as marriage and childrearing may be turning points away from delinquency and crime, the matter is far more complex and may even be the inverse for some women. The paper also finds that women of Native Hawaiian ancestry have more negative experiences with education, employment, and poorer outcomes on parole compared to women without Hawaiian ancestry, thus contributing to the literature on the relationship between ethnicity, structure, and offending over the life course. Life Course Development and the Pathways PerspectiveVersions of the life course development perspective highlight the links across stages of youthful development, delinquency and adult crime and their relation to social bonds. Sampson and Laub's Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life (1993) examines the interplay between structural and individual level variables over the life course, wherein life events mark processes of continuity and change in patterns of delinquency and offending. This genre examines the effects of social bonds that arise from affiliation with the institutions of family, school, and work and their relationship to human development over the life course. Sampson and Laub (1990) see social bonds like marriage or employment as important to explanations of changes in offending behavior. But these events are not separate from the larger influences of culture, political economy, and history. Feminist scholars have adopted concepts from life course development theories to talk about women's

Advances in genomic medicine have evolved to include rapid whole genome sequencing (rWGS) in pediatric intensive care settings. Traditionally, genetic testing was conducted in outpatient clinics, with stepwise genetic testing occurring over several years. This delayed the time to diagnosis, making it more difficult to include underrepresented groups, such as those who identify as Black and Latinx. National genetic sequencing programs have also struggled to engage these participants in their studies, leading to a significant disparity in access to new genetic technologies. The purpose of our study was to compare the demographic characteristics of families enrolled in both an Odyssey Program (N = 46), defined as outpatients in the Genetics Clinic who have had prior genetic testing, and a newly implemented rWGS (N = 52) sequencing program. Despite living in a large, ethnically diverse city, our results indicated that parents in the Odyssey program differed significantly from parents in the rWGS program in level of education, family income, and insurance status. For example, 71.5% of parents in the diagnostic Odyssey program had a college or advanced degree, whereas 42% of parents in the rWGS program had this level of education. Family income and insurance also differed, with 48.6% of families in the Odyssey program earning $100,000 or more versus 28.2% in rWGS; 56% of parents in the Odyssey program had private insurance with 26% on Medicaid whereas only 23% of parents in rWGS had private insurance, with the vast majority of children on Medicaid (69%). Thus, our Odyssey program illustrates some of the common pitfalls in implementing genomic testing in an ethnically diverse community, including lack of referrals, travel to outpatient visits, and a cultural mismatch with providers. The successful enrollment of underrepresented groups in the rWGS program demonstrates that given the opportunity to participate in genetic testing, families are interested and aware of the potential benefits of this testing for their child. As genomic sequencing transitions from outpatient to inpatient settings, an opportunity arises to close the health disparity gap. Recommendations for implementing rWGS in pediatric, intensive care settings that address the common barriers faced by underrepresented families are discussed.

The emergent field of desistance research originated among scholars who were interested in the persistence or termination of crime among young men. From a focus on the structured effects of age-graded events such as employment and

Objective. This study used the differential‐outcomes hypothesis as a theoretical guide to examine the association of Guam's same‐sex‐ and both‐sex‐oriented Asian‐Pacific Islander adolescents and their participation in defensive aggression. Methods. Using ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis we tested the hypothesis with a probability sample of Guam's Asian‐Pacific high school students. Results. The results of the study demonstrated that same‐sex‐oriented males were less likely to participate in physical aggression and that same‐sex‐oriented adolescent females were significantly more likely to report that they had participated in defensive aggression. Conclusions. Same‐sex‐oriented females are more likely than same‐sex‐oriented males to participate in defensive aggression, primarily because they may be more likely to experience threatening situations on Guam's high school campuses.

Nursing graduate supervision of theses and projects at a distance is a new experience for many faculties. In our global and mobile society, nursing students frequently seek graduate programs that are geographically distant from their home communities. As options for nursing graduate education through distributive learning become increasingly available, the challenges for faculty to supervise graduate students at a distance pose issues and concerns. In this paper, key issues including difficulty deciding between a project and a thesis, difficulty identifying a supervisor, developing the mentoring relationship between the student and the supervisor, and conducting analysis at a distance are discussed. Strategies developed to address these challenges are presented and critiqued.

Male-to-female transsexuals, who have undergone gender reassignment surgery, may continue to have low pitched voices. Voice therapy may assist them to use their voice in a manner more likely to be perceived as female but, if this approach is unsuccessful, a laryngeal framework operation may be necessary to raise vocal pitch. This study assessed the effects of crico-thyroid approximation surgery in 14 transsexuals. Modal pitch was significantly increased by surgery but with substantial variation across speakers. Modal pitch was significantly correlated with judgements of gender by speech and language therapists who listened to tapes of the subjects. The results suggest that crico-thyroid approximation may be used to raise the pitch of voices of male-to-female transsexuals. Further research is needed to clarify the reasons for the variability in outcome, to monitor the longer-term changes in voice and the impact for clients of their modified voice in real life situations.