Candida infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The increase in its incidence has been associated with resistance to antimicrobial therapy and biofilm formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tea tree oil (TTO) and its main component -terpinen-4-olagainst resistant Candida albicans strains (genotypes A and B) identified by molecular typing and against C. albicans ATCC 90028 and SC 5314 reference strains in planktonic and biofilm cultures. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and rate of biofilm development were used to evaluate antifungal activity. Results were obtained from analysis of the biofilm using the cell proliferation assay 2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2Htetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Terpinen-4-ol and TTO inhibited C. albicans growth. CLSM confirmed that 17.92 mg/mL of TTO and 8.86 mg/mL of terpinen-4-ol applied for 60 s (rinse simulation) interfered with biofilm formation. Hence, this in vitro study revealed that natural substances such as TTO and terpinen-4-ol present promising results for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

This study evaluated the antibacterial properties of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum and its cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were examined. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) was evaluated by XTT assay. Biofilm decontamination on titanium surfaces was quantified (CFU ml), evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cytotoxic activity by MTT. The MIC and MBC for carvacrol were 0.007% and 0.002% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and 0.06% for terpinen-4-ol for both microorganisms. The MBIC for carvacrol was 0.03% and 0.06% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and for terpinen-4-ol was 0.06% and 0.24%. The results indicated anti-biofilm activity using carvacrol (0.26%, 0.06%) and terpinen-4-ol (0.95%, 0.24%) and showed cytotoxic activity similar to chlorohexidine (CHX). However, terpinen-4-ol (0.24%) showed higher cell viability than other treatments. Carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol showed antibacterial activity in respect of reducing biofilms. Moreover, CHX-like cytotoxicity was observed.

Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia dos enxaguatórios bucais: clorexidina 0,12%, Listerine e óleo de Melaleuca Alternifolia 0,5% e 2% sobre os níveis salivares de Streptococcus mutans e microrganismos totais. Métodos: O estudo foi um ensaio clínico, controlado, duplo cego e emparelhado. Para tanto foram selecionados 26 voluntários com idade entre 21 -35 anos. Foi coletada de cada participante, no baseline, a quantidade de 1 mL de saliva não estimulada, 1 e 15 min após os bochechos com as seguintes soluções: água destilada estéril, digluconato de clorexidina 0,12%, Listerine (©Johnson & Johnson do Brasil), Melaleuca Alternifolia (Sigma-Aldrich St Louis, MO, USA) nas concentrações de 0,5% e 2%. Os participantes fizeram uso de todos os enxaguatórios bucais pesquisados, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada solução. Imediatamente após o bochecho, foi coletada a saliva e realizadas as diluições seriadas, seguidas de plaqueamento em meio de cultura Agar sangue para o crescimento de microrganismos totais e SB-20 (Agar Sacarose Bacitracina) para S. mutans, mantidos por 48h a 37°C em microaerofilia. Após o período de incubação, as colônias foram contadas e transformadas em unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL). Resultados: A clorexidina mostrou ação antimicrobiana na redução dos microrganismos totais e S. mutans, enquanto a ação do óleo Melaleuca Alternifolia 0.5% foi semelhante à água destilada. O listerine e o óleo Melaleuca Alternifolia 2% apresentaram redução microbiana, respectivamente, de 11% e 9% para microrganismos totais, entretanto para S. mutans o listerine reduziu os níveis em 20% e o óleo Melaleuca Alternifolia 2% em 11%. Conclusão: O bochecho único com clorexidina 0,12% é eficaz na redução de níveis de microrganismos totais e S. mutans presentes na saliva. Ao comparar a clorexidina com o listerine e óleo Melaleuca Alternifolia 0,5% e 2% nas mesmas condições a eficácia da ação destas soluções é diminuída.Óleo de Melaleuca; Óleos essenciais; Streptococcus mutans; saliva.Objective: To compare the efficacy of the mouthwashes 0.12% chlorhexidine, Listerine, and 0.5% and 2% Melaleuca Alternifolia oil against the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and total microorganisms. Methods: This study was double-blind controlled and paired clinical assay. Twenty-six volunteers aged 21 to 35 years old were enrolled. At baseline, 1 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected from each subject, 1 and 15 min after mouthrinsing with the following solutions: sterile distilled water, 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, Listerine (©Johnson & Johnson do Brasil), 0.5% and 2% concentrations of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Sigma-Aldrich). The volunteers used all the evaluated mouthrinses with a 15-day interval between the solutions. Immediately after rinsing, saliva was collected and serial dilutions were performed, followed by plating in blood agar culture medium for growth of total microorganisms and SB-20 (Sucrose-Bacitracin agar) for growth of S. mutans, and incubation at 37 °C for 48 h in microaerophilia. After incubation, the number of colo...

Alternative antimicrobial approaches, as photodynamic therapy, should be encouraged due to optimal results against cariogenic bacteria aiming to prevent or treat dental caries.

To test the effect of distinct solubilities of dentine and enamel on mineral ion concentration in the biofilm fluid during a sugar-induced pH drop, dental biofilms were formed in situ for 4 days on acrylic (control), dentine or enamel. On the 5th day, they were treated with water (control) or 20% glucose and collected 5 min later. Significantly lower pH values and higher calcium concentrations were found in the biofilm fluid after glucose exposure, without significant differences among the three substrates. During pH drop, biofilm reservoirs release calcium to the fluid, masking the differential solubility between enamel and dentine.

The primary teeth are essential for bone development and establishment of the arches on occlusion. Thus, the congenitally absence of teeth may trigger a shift in the balance of the occlusion, promoting disharmony in the structures of the maxilla-mandibular system. However, some interventions are possible to be performed in these cases even in pediatric patients, to redirect growth, preventing growth deviations and reestablishing the aesthetic. The aim of this paper is to report the treatment of a 4-year-old child presenting congenitally absence of mandibular central and lateral incisors and maxilla lateral incisors, which consequently compromises aesthetics, occlusal function, and the development and the functional growth of the bones. The oral rehabilitation was performed with an adhesive partial denture, which was able to restore the aesthetic and the occlusal function, therefore being a viable alternative in the treatment of this patient of little age.

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