Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with or without hyperactivity disorder is a neurobiological disorder that involves the interaction of the neuroanatomical and neurotransmitter systems. It is a developmental disorder of psychomotor skills that is manifested by impaired attention, motor hyperactivity and impulsivity. This disorder is characterized by early onset, the association of hyperactive and poorly coordinated behavior with marked inattention and lack of perseverance in performing tasks; and this behavior occurs in all situations and persists over time. This disorder is inappropriate for the child’s developmental age and maladaptive. Disorders of neurotransmitter metabolism in the brain with discrete neurological changes can lead to behavioral difficulties and other psychological problems. Most children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder have comorbidities, often multiple comorbid conditions in the same person. Comorbidity was observed in both clinical and epidemiological samples. It is estimated that about two-thirds of children with this disorder have at least one other psychiatric disorder diagnosed. Symptoms persist and lead to significant difficulties in the daily functioning of the child, such as school success, social interactions, family and social functioning, etc. Recent studies indicate the presence of various neuroophthalmological disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD. The most common comorbidities in children and adolescents with ADHD that will be covered in this chapter are autism spectrum disorder, mood disorder, anxiety, learning disabilities, conduct disorders, tics disorder and epilepsy.
Introduction:Adolescence is a period of significant physical, emotional and intellectual changes, as well as changes in social roles, relations and expectations. Adolescent females, often preoccupied with physical appearance, express discontent with their figure, body weight and want to lose weight.Objective:Our objective was to inquire eating attitudes among adolescent females.Method:Sample was consisted of adolescent females, age of 16 - 17, first grade Economic and Medical Secondary School pupils. Survey questionnaire is self-esteem scale of eating disorders designed by the author. Response rate was 389 out of 419 (92.8%).Results:Body Mass Index (BMI) less than 18.5 has 8.7 % female adolescents. More than half want to be thinner, while 1/3 of adolescents find themselves whether thin or obese. Forty-seven percent (47%) of adolescents exercise sometimes, 15.4% exercise often while 1/5 goes on a diet sometimes or regularly. About 43% adolescents are sometimes or often terrified about being overweight, while 60% sometimes or often lose weight. About 2/3 adolescents are not satisfied with figure. One-half adolescents are terrified with increasing in weight.Statistically significant number in both schools does not have control in eating (p<0.5).Conclusion:There is high level of discontent and dissatisfaction with figure among adolescent females.Discussion:This research indicate necessary education of adolescents to help them in accepting healthier nutrition and lifestyle in an earlier period of life, also developing programs for prevention which will encourage youth in adopting healthy lifestyles and related behavior.
IntroductionThere is a growing body of epidemiologic evidence that psychosocial factors are linked to depression.ObjectiveRelations between presence of depression and traumatic experiences in adolescent’s anamnesis are presented in this research study in which 536 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years took part.AimsIdentification connection type of traumatic experiences and depression in adolescent.MethodsBy using BDI and RADS is found that 12 -18% of adolescents confirm clinical level of depression sypmptoms. On LSCL-R questionary 415 adolescents (77,4%) had stress life events. The most of them had death of close person, catastrophe, or had been witness of catastrophe or severe accident, while small number of them had had severe accident, or were witness of violence in family, experienced divorce of parents, emotional, physical and sexsual abuse, severe financial difficultys etc.ResultsThere is strong connection between type of trauma and depression.ConclusionThe deepest depression of adolescence was caused by physical and sexsual abuse, death and illness of family member, violence, conflicts and heavy disagreement in family. It is important to seek and discover adolescents who are under the influence of various stress factors, because it decreases risk of developing depression disorders. Support and help of family members defend adolescent of depressive answers on various traumatic experiences.
There is a growing body of epidemiologic evidence that psychosocial factors are linked to cardiovascular disease. The study research included 204 respondent, with average age of 20, (98 were girls and 106 were boys). Each respondant has filled out a general questionnaire, an interview to monitor post-traumatic predictor of cardiovascular disease in young population. Each respondent was interviewed, brief personal history noticed and following anthropometric parameters were taken: weight , height, Body Mass Index, waist-to-hip ratio and measured blood pressure. In the laboratory the following parameters were examined: cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL and blood sugar level. Psychiatrist interviewed each respondent and completed Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Respodents completed Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale, Zung Self-Rated Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Semi-Structured Interview for Survivors of War. Analysis of risk factors showed that 24,5% of young population do smoke, 33,9 % do not have physical activity, 19.5% are overweight, 4.3% are with high blood pressure (above 140/90) , 2.8% are with high blood sugar level, increased cholesterol at 13.7% respondents and LDL at 17.6%, while positive family history noticed in 19.4% of respondents in the study. Psychological examination shown that 52.5% of them are depressed while 72.8% had traumatic event.These adverse and stressful life events experienced in sensitive developmental period for children, are risk factors for later manifestation of depression in adolescence and young adulthood, and creates difficulties in social adjustment, which was found in 15% of respondents. 17% of students on self-assessment scales is perceived as mildly anxious.
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