Physical activity alters the cardiovascular system of dogs, depending on the exercise characteristics and the animal’s physical conditioning. Little is known about the cardiovascular changes in rescue-trained dogs. This study evaluated the cardiovascular responses to a search and rescue exercise session to differentiate these alterations from cases of exhaustion or some possible pathology. Nine healthy rescue-trained dogs that trained for at least one year were used. Seven German Shepherds and two Belgian Shepherd Malinois were evaluated twice, immediately before exercise (M0) and immediately after a 20-minute training (M1). Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and systemic blood pressure (SBP) measurements were performed at each evaluation. Heart rate was evaluated in three moments, M0, M1 and five minutes after the end of the physical activity (M2). The results indicated that training increased oxygen demand and significantly increased cardiac output, left ventricular volume in diastole and aortic artery diameter, and the contraction force with the increased mitral annular motion without impairing systolic and diastolic cardiac functions. Heart rate values immediately and five minutes after exercise were similar to baseline values. Training did not alter SBP and the electrocardiographic parameters. The present study indicated good cardiac performance to the physical effort of rescue-trained dogs and reduced the chances of poor performance and the occurrence of sudden death caused by exercise in response to the pattern of activity performed.
Considering that the use of tranquillizers could optimize the performance of the echocardiogram, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of protocols with acepromazine and fentanyl on the echocardiographic parameters of healthy dogs, besides their effect in systolic blood pressure (SBP), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), time spent for examination and sedation scale. Ten adult dogs were submitted to different tranquilizing protocols 20 minutes before the echocardiographic examination, totalling five treatments for each pair, performed at seven-day intervals between evaluations. The treatments were CT (control treatment), IAT (intramuscular acepromazine), OAT (oral acepromazine), FT (fentanyl) and AFT (acepromazine associated with fentanyl). In addition to the echocardiographic evaluation, SBP, degree of reassurance, duration of the exam, HR and RR in the different protocols were evaluated. There was a significant decrease of SBP in OAT. There was a significant reduction in left ventricular diameter during systole and diastole and mitral annular movement in IAT, OAT and AFT, compared with CT. There was a decrease in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and increase in mitral E/mitral A ratio in IAT and OAT when compared with CT. All the tranquillizer protocols studied were found to significantly reduce HR, that facilitated the echocardiographic examination.
Long time treatment of asthma in children with theophylline requires therapeutic drug monitoring by determination of serum concentrations. Beside established assays a carrier-bound reagent test has recently been developed, which has been demonstrated to be accurate, precise and cheaper than other assays. It has the advantage to give rapid results within minutes, which makes it suitable for intensive care units as well as for outpatient care.
Para a interpretação dos parâmetros eletrocardiográficos são utilizados valores padronizados de amplitude e duração das ondas eletrocardiográficas de acordo com os padrões de normalidade descritos para e espécie. Sabe-se que em cães estes valores podem variar de acordo com o peso e porte do animal, entretanto, em gatos, os valores padronizados são genéricos e não levam em consideração essas características. Objetivou-se com este estudo realizar uma comparação entre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de gatos com pesos corporais distintos, a fim de verificar se há variação em relação aos valores considerados padrão para a espécie. Foram avaliados 64 gatos com escore de condição corporal (ECC) ideal e sem evidências de qualquer doença clínica. Após a seleção, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo 25 gatos com peso igual ou inferior 4 kg e 25 gatos com peso superior a 4 kg. Os valores eletrocardiográficos foram comparados entre os grupos por meio do teste Mann-Whitney, com 5% de significância. Foi realizada também uma análise descritiva, comparando os valores encontrados com o padrão de normalidade para a espécie estabelecido na literatura. Observou-se um aumento significativo do segmento PR nos gatos do grupo 2 e alteração do eixo elétrico cardíaco. Conclui-se que o valor de PR é maior em animais mais pesados e os demais parâmetros eletrocardiográficos não variam entre gatos com peso igual ou inferior a 4 kg e gatos com peso entre 4 a 6 Kg.
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