2002.-Ultraviolet A (UVA) (320-400 nm) radiation is known to cause cutaneous aging and skin cancer. We studied the effect of UVA (365 nm) radiation on the human epidermis by focusing on keratinocyte gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC). We observed a dose-dependent 10-fold decrease in GJIC induced by UVA in normal human keratinocytes. This decrease in GJIC was associated with time-dependent internalization of connexin43 (Cx43). UVA radiation also damaged the actin cytoskeleton, as shown by microfilament disappearance. Importantly, the decrease in GJIC was transient when keratinocytes were irradiated with 10 J/cm 2 UVA, with a return to baseline values after 8 h. Concomitantly, Cx43 was relocalized and the actin cytoskeleton was restored. UVA irradiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) treatment activated protein kinase C and reduced GJIC. However, Cx43 localization and phosphorylation were differently regulated by the two treatments. This suggests that at least two different pathways may mediate the observed fall in GJIC. These findings identify keratinocyte GJIC as a new UVA target that might sensitize human skin to photoaging and cancer formation.GJIC; connexin43; skin physiology; actin cytoskeleton; photoaging ULTRAVIOLET (UV) radiation is an energy source for life on earth that also has detrimental effects on animal life. The UV spectrum of solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface comprises UVB (280-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). UVA has deleterious effects on the human epidermis by generating reactive oxygen species that can degrade lipids, proteins, and DNA and give rise to photo-oxidized products (26). The resulting oxidative stress can damage cellular components and change the pattern of gene expression, leading to photoaging and serious skin diseases such as cancer (20).The human epidermis is a multilayered, cohesive tissue with a unique functional architecture. It forms the primary barrier to the outside environment. Keratinocytes are the main component of the epidermis. Cells from the basal layer proliferate and then differentiate in the upper epidermal layer, where they acquire new biological properties. The symbiotic equilibrium between cell growth and differentiation in the epidermis points to an intimate spatial relationship in this tissue (31). Cell-cell communication via gap junctions appears to participate in epidermal homeostasis.Cell-cell communication occurs in the epidermal and dermal compartments of normal fully differentiated human skin. In the epidermis, gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) usually involves groups of about a dozen keratinocytes (25). Gap junctions are clustered at cell-cell contacts and participate in local information share between cells. Each cell contributes a hemichannel (connexon) composed of six connexin (Cx) subunits that cross the plasma membrane four times and have their NH 2 and COOH termini in the cytoplasm (6). Gap junctions permit direct exchanges and sharing of ions and small molecules (Ն1,000 Da...
Sun exposure is the major environmental influence for epidermal cells; the harmful effect of UV radiation on skin is related to the generation of reactive oxygen species that alter cellular components including proteins. It is now well established that the proteasome is responsible for the degradation of most of oxidized proteins and that impairment of proteasome function is a hallmark of cellular aging. In a previous study, we investigated the effects of UV irradiation on proteasomes in human keratinocyte cultures and showed that all three peptidase activities were decreased 24 h after irradiation of the cells. Increased levels of oxidatively modified proteins were observed in irradiated cells and were found to act as endogenous inhibitors of the proteasome. We report here on the stimulating and protective effects of an algae extract, prepared from Phaeodactylum tricornutum, on proteasome peptidase activities of human keratinocytes exposed to UVA and UVB irradiation. In addition, preserving proteasome function resulted in lowering the extent of the irradiation-induced protein oxidative damage, opening up new strategies for protection of epidermal cells against the detrimental effects of UV irradiation.
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