This paper presents a study on the power distribution within the tissues for abdominal monitoring and implant communications systems. This study is carried out using finite integration technique based simulations with an anatomical voxel model as well as with recently introduced directive on-body antennas designed for in-body communications. The investigation is conducted by evaluating 2D power flow on the cross-cut of the abdomen area to illustrate the propagation inside the different abdominal tissues. Additionally, power values in different parts of the abdomen area, such as in different parts of the small intestine (SI), colon, stomach etc., are calculated. The main purpose is to examine power distribution in the abdominal area with different antenna location options suitable for abdomen monitoring systems. Furthermore, channel characteristics between an endoscope capsule and an on-body antenna are evaluated in two different areas of the SI tract: close to the on-body antenna and further from the on-body antenna. Power distribution information is useful when designing the medical and health monitoring devices for the abdomen area, such as capsule endoscope, gastrointestinal activity monitoring systems, etc.
A novel UWB antenna working in the 805.15.6 Low-UWB region is proposed in this paper. The antenna is targeted for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) localization. Simulation results show that the antenna performs well at 4 GHz with a 500 MHz bandwidth which is complaint with the IEEE 802.15.6 standard for Body Area Networks (BAN). A preliminary study on the single antenna performance is presented first, followed by the introduction of the boxshaped cavity version of the antenna structure. Both types of antenna are directional with high gain. To investigate WCE applications, the cavity antenna in proximity of a multi-layer model emulating human body tissues properties at 4 GHz was also simulated.
In this paper, the impact of the sternotomy wires and aortic valve implant on the ultra wideband (UWB) channel characteristics is studied. The evaluations are performed by calculations, measurement data analysis, and power flow simulations. The aim is to show that implants, which consist of steel, titanium, and other highly conductive materials, do have clear effect on the signal propagation even inside the tissues. This impact should be taken into account when using in-body or onbody communications devices, such as capsule endoscopes, etc.
This paper presents a study on the ultra wideband (UWB) radio channel characteristics between a capsule endoscope and a directive on-body antenna in different parts of the small intestine. The study is conducted using a finite integration technique (FIT) based electromagnetic simulation software CST Studio Suite and four of its anatomical voxel models. The capsule endoscope model is set inside different areas of the small intestine of the voxel models. A recently published directive on-body antenna designed for in-body communications is used in the evaluations. The obtained frequency and time domain channel characteristics are compared with previously published results with another directive on-body antenna designed for capsule endoscopy communications. Power flow presentations are used to understand differences obtained with two on-body antennas. Different rotation angles of the capsule are also considered in this study. It is found that channel characteristics vary remarkably depending on the antenna location in the small intestine and location of the on-body antenna. Thus, the on-body antennas should be located carefully to ensure coverage over the whole intestine area. Path loss does not only depend on the distance between a capsule and the on-body antenna but also on the tissues between the capsule and on-body antennas. Obviously, the antenna patterns have clear impact on the received signal's strength. Furthermore, orientation of the capsule affects also strongly impact when linearly polarized antennas are used. INDEX TERMS Abdominal monitoring, capsule endoscopy, directive antenna, ultrawide band, wireless body area networks.
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