Rho-type GTPases control many cytoskeletal rearrangements, but their regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that in S. cerevisiae, activation of the CDK Cdc28-Cln2 at bud emergence triggers relocalization of Cdc24, the GEF for Cdc42, from the nucleus to the polarization site, where it is stably maintained by binding to the adaptor Bem1. Locally activated Cdc42 then polarizes the cytoskeleton in a manner dependent on its effectors Bni1 and the PAK-like kinase Cla4. In addition, Cla4 induces phosphorylation of Cdc24, leading to its dissociation from Bem1 at bud tips, thereby ending polarized bud growth in vivo. Our results thus suggest a dynamic temporal and spatial regulation of the Cdc42 module: Cdc28-Cln triggers actin polarization by activating Cdc42, which in turn restricts its own activation via a negative feedback loop acting on its GEF Cdc24.

Cdc42p, a Rho-related GTP-binding protein, regulates cytoskeletal polarization and rearrangements in eukaryotic cells, but the effectors mediating this control remain unknown. Through the use of the complete yeast genomic sequence, we have identified two novel Cdc42p targets, Gic1p and Gic2p, which contain consensus Cdc42/Rac interactive-binding (CRIB) domains and bind specifically to Cdc42p-GTP. Gic1p and Gic2p colocalize with Cdc42p as cell polarity is established during the cell cycle and during mating in response to pheromones. Cells deleted for both GIC genes exhibit defects in actin and microtubule polarization similar to those observed in cdc42 mutants. Finally, the interaction of the Gic proteins and Cdc42p is essential, as mutations in the CRIB domain of Gic2p that eliminate Cdc42p binding disrupt Gic2p localization and function. Thus, Gic1p and Gic2p define a novel class of Cdc42p targets that are specifically required for cytoskeletal polarization in vivo.

Cytoskeletal rearrangements during the cell cycle and in response to signals are regulated by small Rho-type GTPases, but it is not known how these GTPases are activated in a spatial and temporal manner. Here we show that Cdc24, the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for the yeast GTPase Cdc42, is sequestered in the cell nucleus by Far1. Export of Cdc24 to a site of cell polarization is mediated by two mechanisms. At bud emergence, activation of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28-Cln triggers degradation of Far1 and, as a result, relocation of Cdc24 to the cytoplasm. Cells overexpressing a non-degradable Far1 were unable to polarize their actin cytoskeleton because they failed to relocate Cdc24 to the incipient bud site. In contrast, in response to mating pheromones, the Far1-Cdc24 complex is exported from the nucleus by Msn5. This mechanism ensures that Cdc24 is targeted to the site of receptor-associated heterotrimeric G-protein activation at the plasma membrane, thereby allowing polarization of the actin cytoskeleton along the morphogenetic gradient of pheromone. Either degradation of Far1 or its nuclear export by Msn5 was sufficient for cell growth, suggesting that the two mechanisms are redundant for cell viability. Taken together, our results indicate that Far1 functions as a nuclear anchor for Cdc24. This sequestration regulates cell polarity in response to pheromones by restricting activation of Cdc42 to the site of pheromone receptor activation.

The septation initiation network (SIN) triggers the onset of cytokinesis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by promoting contraction of the medially placed F-actin ring. SIN signaling is regulated by the polo-like kinase plo1p and by cdc2p, the initiator of mitosis, and its activation is co-ordinated with other events in mitosis to ensure that cytokinesis does not begin until chromosomes have been separated. Though the SIN controls the contractile ring, the signal originates from the poles of the mitotic spindle. Recent studies suggest that the spindle pole body may act as a dynamic assembly site for active SIN signaling complexes. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the counterpart of the SIN, called the MEN, mediates both mitotic exit and cytokinesis, in part through regulating activation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase Cdc14p. Flp1p, the S. pombe ortholog of Cdc14p, is not essential for mitotic exit, but may contribute to an orderly mitosis-G1 transition by regulating the destruction of the mitotic inducer cdc25p.

Site-specific activation of the Rho-type GTPase Cdc42p by its guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Cdc24p is critical for the establishment of cell polarity. Here we show that binding of Cdc24p to the small GTPase Rsr1p/Bud1p is required for its recruitment to the incipient bud site. Rsr1p/Bud1p binds to the CH-domain of Cdc24p, which is essential for its function in vivo. We have identified a cdc24-mutant allele, which is specifically defective for bud-site selection. Our results suggest that Cdc24p is auto-inhibited by an intramolecular interaction with its carboxy-terminal PB1-domain. Rsr1p/Bud1p appears to activate the GEF activity of Cdc24p in vivo, possibly by triggering a conformational change that dissociates the PB1-domain from its intramolecular binding site. Genetic experiments suggest that Bem1p functions as a positive regulator of Cdc24p by binding to the PB1-domain of Cdc24p, thereby preventing its re-binding to the intramolecular inhibitory site. Taken together, our results support a two-step molecular mechanism for the site-specific activation of Cdc24p, which involves Rsr1p/Bud1p and the adaptor protein Bem1p.

Cdc42p, a Rho-related GTP-binding protein, regulates cytoskeletal polarization and rearrangements in eukaryotic cells. In yeast, Gic1p and Gic2p are effectors of Cdc42p involved in actin polarization at bud emergence. Gic2p is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner and rapidly disappears shortly after bud emergence concomitant with the activation of the G 1 cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28p-Clnp. Here we have shown that the rapid disappearance of Gic2p results from ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Biochemical and genetic evidence demonstrates that degradation of Gic2p required the Skp1-cullin-F-box protein complex (SCF) components Cdc34p, Cdc53p, Skp1p and Grr1p, but not Cdc4p. Phosphorylation of several C-terminal sites of Gic2p served as part of the recognition signal for ubiquitination. In addition, binding of Gic2p to Cdc42p was a prerequisite for degradation, suggesting that specifically the active form of Gic2p is targeted for destruction. Finally, our data indicate that degradation of Gic2p may be part of a mechanism which restricts cytoskeletal polarization in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle.

No abstract

Several nucleolar proteins, such as nucleolin, NOP1/fibrillarin, SSB1, NSR1 and GAR1 share a common glycine and arginine rich structural motif called the GAR domain. To identify novel nucleolar proteins from fission yeast we screened Schizosaccharomyces pombe genomic DNA libraries with a probe encompassing the GAR structural motif. Here we report the identification and characterization of a S.pombe gene coding for a novel nucleolar protein, designated gar2. The structure of the fission yeast gar2 is reminiscent of that of nucleolin from vertebrates and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, like these proteins, gar2 has a nucleolar localisation. The disruption of the gar2+ gene affects normal cell growth, leads to an accumulation of 35S pre-rRNA and a decrease of mature 18S rRNA steady state levels. Moreover, ribosomal profiles of the mutant show an increase of free 60S ribosomal subunits and an absence of free 40S ribosomal subunits. gar2 is able to rescue a S.cerevisiae mutant lacking NSR1, thus establishing gar2 as a functional homolog of NSR1. We propose that gar2 helps the assembly of pre-ribosomal particles containing 18S rRNA.