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Recurrent or chronic maternal depressive symptoms rather than the timing predict adolescents' psychosocial problems better. The timing, however, may explain the different kinds of problems in adolescence depending on the developmental task at the time of the exposure. The findings should be noted when treating both mothers and children in psychiatric clinics and other health services.

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Group-based modeling techniques are increasingly used in developmental studies to explore the patterns and co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing problems. Social competence has been found to reciprocally influence internalizing and externalizing problems, but studies on its associations with different patterns of these problems are scarce. Using data from a Finnish longitudinal normal population sample, trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems were formed using the Child Behavior

Serum non-cholesterol sterols had different individual profiles by age in childhood and adolescence. From 1 to 10 years of age, cholesterol absorption prevailed cholesterol synthesis. This novel finding emphasizes the importance of dietary aspects related to cardiovascular risk even from early childhood.

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IntroductionIn earlier studies, loneliness strongly correlates with depression and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are rare.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate in a longitudinal setting the prevalence and risk factors of maternal loneliness as well as the associations between maternal loneliness, depressive symptoms and child's subsequent psychosocial adjustment.MethodsMothers’ reports of loneliness were explored in a sample of 133 mothers during pregnancy (T1) and when the firstborns were 8-9 years old (T2). Maternal depressive symptoms were screened with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at three time points: T1, T2 and at 16-17 years of child's age (T3). Child psychosocial adjustment was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklists (CBCLs) at T2 and T3 and with the Youth Self Reports (YSRs) completed by the adolescents at T3.ResultsThe prevalence of loneliness (sometimes, often or always) was 36% at T1 and 32% at T2. Loneliness during pregnancy was associated with physical illness or disability, weaker life satisfaction and change in the pair relationship. Lonely mothers reported higher levels of depressive symptoms simultaneously and longitudinally. Mothers reporting loneliness at T1 and/or T2 showed higher depressive symptom levels at T1, T2 and T3 and reported more emotional and behavioural problems in their child at T2 and T3. The adolescents also reported more problems if the mother had reported loneliness at T1 and/or T2.ConclusionsLoneliness is common among mothers and co-occurs, predicts and is predicted by depressive symptoms. It may expose the children to poorer psychosocial outcomes.