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The effect of massage on voice fundamental frequency (F(0)) and sound pressure level (SPL) was investigated. Subjects were recorded while reading a 3-min passage of prose text. Then, a 30-min session of massage was administered by a trained naprapathy therapist. Sixteen subjects were given the massage, while 15 controls rested, lying down in silence for the same amount of time. The subjects were then recorded reading the same passage again. The F(0), and SPL averages across the whole passage were measured for the pre- and post-treatment recordings. In the post-massage recordings, subjects had lowered their F(0) by 1.1 semitones and their SPL by 1.0 dB, with very high statistical significance. The drop in F(0) was somewhat larger for the males than for the females. The control subjects showed no effect at all.

Background:The older adult population is expected to grow, presenting potential challenges for individuals and society. Maintenance of older adults' health will be an important factor for healthy aging. It will also be a challenge for health professionals who work to promote health and care equity. To promote healthy aging and equal care, an overview of older adults' self-rated health is needed. The aim of this study was to describe selfrated health among older adults' living at home describe age group and gender-based health differences.

PURPOSEWe have previously shown in our prospective study in 42 infants with distal hypospadias that the flow rates both before and after hypospadias repair were impaired when compared to age-matched controls. Aim of present study was to evaluate the long-term flow rates. MATERIAL AND METHODSThirty/42 boys with distal hypospadias were traced; 21 (mean age 80, range 73-93 months) agreed to participate, resulting in 21 flow curves (rotating disk flowmeter) obtained 59-73 (mean 67) months after the operation. RESULTSEighteen/21 boys were asymptomatic; 1 showed nocturnal enuresis; 1 nocturnal enuresis with day-time symptoms; and 1 incontinent boy was dry with anticholinergic medication. 38% of the long-term flows (vs. 50 % of the short term flows) were intermittent. The Qmax averaged 13,2 AE 5,7 ml/s. In comparison, the shortterm (3 and 9 months postop) Qmax were 6,6 AE 2,8 and 7,2 AE 1,8 ml/s. The majority (71%) of the flows was low-normal (5th to 50th percentile); 10% was above the 50th and 19% was below the 5th percentile. In the short term 76% of the flows was below the 5th percentile. CONCLUSIONSIn this prospective study short-term (3-9 months postoperative) flow rates decreased, but long-term (5.5 years) flow rates improved to low-normal values. We hypothesize that the low flow rates after hypospadias repair are caused by a reduced compliance of the distal urethra, lacking a surrounding spongiosal body. Improvement of the long-term vs. short-term flow rates might be explained by decline of postoperative oedema and increase in urethral diameter with growth of the child. We suggest long-term follow-up with uroflowmetry in asymptomatic boys after hypospadias correction. Only in case of symptoms, persistently too low (<5th percentile) or progressively decreasing flow rates additional procedures (like urethral calibration) seem justified.

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