Device-associated health care-acquired infections (DA-HAIs) pose a threat to patient safety, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, few data regarding DA-HAI rates and their associated bacterial resistance in ICUs from Iran are available. A DA-HAI surveillance study was conducted in six adult and pediatric ICUs in academic teaching hospitals in Tehran using CDC/NHSN definitions. We collected prospective data regarding device use, DA-HAI rates, and lengths of stay from 2584 patients, 16,796 bed-days from one adult ICU, and bacterial profiles and bacterial resistance from six ICUs. Among the DA-HAIs, there were 5.84 central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABs) per 1000 central line-days, 7.88 ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) per 1000 mechanical ventilator-days and 8.99 catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) per 1000 urinary catheter-days. The device utilization ratios were 0.44 for central lines, 0.42 for mechanical ventilators and 1.0 for urinary catheters. The device utilization ratios of mechanical ventilators and urinary catheters were higher than those reported in the ICUs of the INICC and the CDC's NHSN reports, but central line use was lower. The DA-HAI rates in this study were higher than the CDC's NHSN report. However, compared with the INICC report, the VAP rate in our study was lower, while the CLAB rate was similar and the CAUTI rate was higher. Nearly 83% of the samples showed a mixed-type infection. The most frequent pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. In the S. aureus isolates, 100% were resistant to oxacillin. Overall resistances of A. baumannii and K. pneumonia to imipenem were 70.5% and 76.7%, respectively. A multiple drug resistance phenotype was detected in 68.15% of the isolates. The DA-HAI rates in Iran were shown to be higher than the CDC-NHSN rates and similar to the INICC rates. Resistance to oxacillin and imipenem was higher as well. Comparing device use, DA-HAI rates, and bacterial resistance for the primary isolated bacteria indicated a direct association between urinary catheter use and the rates of CAUTI.
ResumenEl propósito de este artículo es analizar la estructura dialógica del De vero bono (también conocido como De voluptate y De vero falsoque bono, los títulos de su primera y segunda versión respectivamente) de Lorenzo Valla (c.1407-1457), con la intención de comprender cómo se construyen y representan en este texto distintas concepciones sobre el placer. Observaremos entonces los vínculos que presenta con la tradición pagana (con especial énfasis en el epicureísmo, escuela filosófica que estaba siendo reevaluada por los humanistas en el período en el que se compuso la obra) y cristiana, tanto en relación con la construcción formal del diálogo como con las posiciones en pugnas sobre el placer. Además, nos detendremos en la representación que aparece en el De vero bono de tres enfoques diferentes sobre el lenguaje: el retórico, el poético y el filosófico. Por último, analizaremos el uso de distintos recursos retóricos, en particular, el uso de los relatos. Valla (c.1407Valla (c. -1457, with the objective of understanding how different conceptions of pleasure are represented in this text. We will observe the links with the pagan tradition (with special emphasis on Epicureanism, a philosophical school that was being re-evaluated by the humanists in the period in which the work was Palabras clave
La epístola de Cosma Raimondi titulada Defensio Epicuri contra stoicos, academicos et peripateticos es un documento fundamental en la historia de los debates sobre la relación entre el placer y el summum bonum en la primera mitad del Quattrocento. En este artículo, se propone un estudio del contexto y las fuentes de la carta y se incluye como anexo una traducción al español de la epístola completa.
Resumen. En su diálogo titulado De vero bono, Lorenzo Valla cuestiona la admiración de los principios morales paganos por parte de sus contemporáneos. Con este propósito presenta un orador epicúreo que defiende la voluptas en contraposición al elogio estoico de la honestas. En las últimas décadas la crítica ha enfatizado el hecho de que el conocimiento del epicureísmo por parte de Valla era muy limitado al redactar esta obra, y también que su propósito no consistió en defender los postulados de esta escuela filosófica, sino en utilizarlos como un medio para lograr el objetivo de desestimar la importancia de la ética pagana en relación con la vida cristiana. Sin embargo, un análisis de aquellos puntos en los que el De vero bono de hecho se aproxima a las tesis epicúreas y de cómo algunas de las ideas allí presentadas se continúan en sus Dialecticae disputationes y en su Apologia permite observar que existieron aspectos de su obra inspirados en una visión positiva del filósofo de Samos. Palabras clave: Lorenzo Valla; Epicureísmo; Renacimiento; Placer.[en] Epicurean Traces in the Thought of Lorenzo Valla Abstract. In his dialogue entitled De vero bono, Lorenzo Valla questions the admiration of pagan moral principles by his contemporaries. For this purpose he presents an Epicurean speaker who defends voluptas as opposed to the stoic praise of honestas. In recent decades critics have emphasized the fact that Valla's knowledge of Epicureanism was very limited when he wrote this work in 1431, and that its purpose was not to defend the principles of this philosophical school, but to use them as a means to achieve his objective of underestimating the importance of pagan ethics in relation to the Christian life. However, an analysis of those points where the De vero bono in fact approaches Epicurean thesis and how some of the ideas presented there are continued in his Dialecticae disputationes and in his Apologia show that there are aspects of his work inspired by a positive view of the philosopher of Samos. Keywords: Lorenzo Valla; Epicureanism; Renaissance; Pleasure. Sumario
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.