During 1993–1995 the effect of conventional tillage, reduced till, mulch till and no-till technology on soil moisture dynamics has been studied in field experiment on Haplic chernozems near Piešťany. The tillage treatments were evaluated under a single cropping of maize and spring barley – common peas – winter wheat crop rotation. Soil samples for gravimetric determination of moisture content were collected from six layers up to 0.8 m, three times per year (April–July). The soil moisture was highly significantly influenced in order of importance by date of sampling, year, growing crops, tillage treatments, soil layer and by interactions year × crops, year × date of sampling, crops × date of sampling, tillage × date of sampling, year × tillage, date of sampling × layer and significant influences by interactions, tillage × crops. The soil under conventional tillage had significantly higher moisture content than tested reduced till, mulch till and no-till treatments. The significant influence of maize stand on better soil humidity condition (16.35%) in comparison to crops grown in a crop rotation (in average 14.10%) has been ascertained.
In the years 2003-2005 the field experiment was realized in the maize-barley growing region on degraded Chernozem. Two different farming systems -organic and conventional were compared. The yield and grain quality of winter wheat in organic and conventional farming system were evaluated. Winter wheat was used twice a crop rotation time -after pea and clover. The quality parameters of winter wheat (grain volume weight, protein content, Zeleny test, wet gluten content) were measured after harvest. The yield and grain quality parameters were statistically significantly affected by farming system, forecrop and weather conditions. Grain yield, grain volume weight, protein content and wet gluten content were significantly higher in conventional farming system than in organic one. Even though, grain quality of winter wheat in organic farming corresponded to elite (E) or standard (A) technological quality of wheat according to the Slovak Technological Standard STN 46 1100-2. The yield of winter wheat was increased and grain quality parameters were improved by using pea as the forecrop in comparison to clover.
Soil physical properties were investigated in two types of growing systems -integrated no-till system and conventional system with ploughing, in 1999 -2005 on chernozem in maize growing region. Bulk density decreased and total porosity increased during 7 years in both growing systems. In integrated system the improvement of soil physical properties could be explained by remaining of plant residues on soil surface. In conventional system the plant residues were incorporated into soil by ploughing. This led to the higher proportion of organic matter in soil. Soil cultivated conventionally had significantly higher value of reduced bulk density, significantly lower porosity and significantly higher values of soil moisture compared to soil in integrated no-till system. Maximum capillary water capacity was not significantly influenced by soil cultivation. Values of investigated soil physical properties in both systems were not markedly different from the typical values of cultivated chernozem. AbstraktPočas siedmich rokov 1999 -2005 boli na černozemi hnedozemnej, v kukuričnej výrobnej oblasti, sledované fyzikálne vlastnosti pôdy v dvoch pestovateľských systémochv integrovanom bezorbovom a v konvenčnom s orbou. Počas sedemročného obdobia došlo k zníženiu objemovej hmotnosti redukovanej a k zvýšeniu celkovej pórovitosti pôdy pri oboch spôsoboch obrábania pôdy. Zlepšenie fyzikálnych vlastností pôdy možno vysvetliť ponechávaním rastlinných zvyškov na povrchu pôdy v integrovanom systéme a ich zaorávaním v konvenčnom systéme pestovania plodín, čo zvýšilo podiel organickej hmoty v pôde. Pôda obrábaná konvenčným spôsobom sa vyznačovala štatisticky preukazne vyššou objemovou hmotnosťou redukovanou a štatisticky preukazne nižšou pórovitosťou. Tiež ju 254
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