Many species are classified as Data Deficient, because there is a knowledge gap about distribution range and population size and trends. This situation may be a problem in conservation, because the extinction risk of these species is unknown. In the present study, we analyzed all Brazilian anuran species classified as Data Deficient in the IUCN Red List to propose a method to know the conservation status of Data Deficient species. We used the time since species description coupled with the known current species distribution size to indicate the potential conservation status of Data Deficient species. We considered 231 Data Deficient anuran species in Brazil, in which most species (n = 166 spp.) are newly described and restricted geographically (Group D). Group A (n = 9 spp.) and C (n = 18 spp.) were composed by species widely distributed and Group B (n = 37 spp.) was composed by species described more than 50 years ago and geographically restricted. Data Deficient is not a threatened category, however it indicates a need to obtain more information about the species listed, but unfortunately financial resource is limited. We suggested that the species allocated in the group B in our analyses must be priorities in future studies, because it is possible that these are threatened. Our analysis used the amphibian anuran from Brazil as model to propose some action that may be useful to known the conservation status of Data Deficient species.

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RESUMO:O presente artigo pontua alguns aspectos que envolvem o conceito de paisagem visando contribuir para compreender a evolução conceitual do termo considerando a capilaridade entre Geografia e Ecologia da Paisagem. Desta enfatiza suas duas abordagens, a geográfica e a ecológica, correspondentes, respectivamente, à análise espacial dos elementos da paisagem e às alterações biológicas e relações ecológicas desencadeadas. Considera o termo Geoecologia como saída teórica e metodológica visando a integração dessas duas abordagens, as quais, no entanto, cada vez mais utilizam geotecnologias para identificação e mapeamento das unidades de paisagem, passo inicial imprescindível para sua análise. Chama a atenção para o fato de que a apropriação humana dos ecossistemas foi e ainda é tão intensa e tranformadora que hoje não é mais possível pensar em paisagem sem considerar esse fator no conceito, na estrutura e na dinâmica das paisagens. Palavras Chave: Ecologia de Paisagem, Geoecologia, fragmentação, remanescentes, geotecnologias.ABSTRACT: This paper discusses some aspects about the landscape concept and it contributions to understand the conceptual evolution of landscape according to geography and ecology. Respectively, these approaches, geographic and ecologic, emphasize the spatial analysis of landscape elements and the biological alteration and the ecological relations that are developed. Therefore, due to point view theorical and methodological, the Geoecology term has been rescued to integrate the geographic and ecological approaches. However, both approaches have used geotecnologies in identification and mapping of landscape units. Thus, it is possible to highlight that human appropriation of ecosystems is intense and transforming, therefore this factor must be considered in concept, structure and dynamic of landscapes.

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-Permanent preservation areas (PPAs) adjacent to drainage channels may include forests, savannahs, or grassland Under a former environmental legislation ("Forest Code"), it was required to maintain a strip of native vegetation (at least 30 m wide) at the margin of any drainage channel, to support environmental functions. Under the current native vegetation protection policy, if a riparian margin was degraded prior to 2008, the landholder is required to regenerate a strip of only 5-20 m, in some cases. The present study evaluated and compared the ligneous vegetation structure in 10 preserved PPAs (following the requirements of the old law) and 10 degraded PPAs (conforming to the current environmental legislation), in Mineiros municipality, southwest Goiás. Sixty plots measuring 15 m × 30 m were delineated, and data for all ligneous individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH) > 5 cm were recorded. A total of 2,662 individuals were documented, distributed among 208 species. Of the total, 1,573 individuals belonging to 167 species were from the preserved PPAs, and 1,089 individuals across 142 species were from the degraded PPAs. According to these results, the preserved PPAs were richer in species composition than in the degraded PPAs (245.5 ± 34.36 and 213.3 ± 34.1, respectively), in addition to being more abundant in terms of individuals. The importance value index (IVI) was well distributed among the species. All the degraded PPAs presented signs of erosion. It was concluded that the reduced width of the PPAs (5-20 m) under the current native vegetation protection policy would result in a loss of the environmental functions sought by the legislation.. Keywords

Habitat loss and fragmentation are severe threats to biodiversity but have been little explored in studies of the woody vegetation of the Cerrado. The present study addressed the community structure of woody plants in 17 ''Dense Cerrado'' fragments in the Upper Basin of the Araguaia River (GO and MT), standardizing variables such as fragment size ([50 ha), shape, disturbance and matrix. The phytosociological structure was assessed with an inclusion criterion of D 30 C 5 cm in three plots, 50 9 20 m each, per fragment. A total of 131 species were recorded. Pielou's equitability index was equal to 0.82, and Shannon's diversity index (H 0) was equal to 4.03 nats/ ind.-1. Basal area and density were equal to 18.13 m 2 ha-1 and 1715.49 ind. ha-1 , respectively. The estimated richness (Jackknife 1) was superior to the observed richness. The assessment whether density, observed diversity and Shannon's diversity index for each fragment explained either fragment size or habitat lost in 28 years revealed that these parameters did not explain either the woody community structure or the species diversity. The assumption that the fragments with the greatest area loss throughout this time period would have less diverse communities was not corroborated. The results of the Mantel test did not demonstrate any relationship between geographical distance and floristic similarity in ''Dense Cerrado'' fragments; therefore, it was not possible to corroborate the hypothesis that fragments located closer to each other are more floristically similar. As suggested by some authors, the floristic similarity in Cerrado areas can be better explained by other factors than geographical distance among sampled sites.

Neighbour-stranger discrimination is an important mechanism in social behaviour, as it allows the individual to avoid the high energetic costs of repeated agonistic interactions with neighbours. In some anuran species, the owners of territories respond more aggressively towards strangers than neighbours. Here, we investigated whether gladiator frog, Boana goiana, males discriminate between neighbours and strangers. This is a lek-breeding species; therefore, it does not defend fixed territories which are associated with a specific resource. We conducted a playback field experiment with a repeated-measures design, based on three treatments: (i) neighbour’s call in initial position, (ii) stranger’s call in initial position, and (iii) neighbour’s call in new position. We did not observe any systematic modification in the acoustic properties (call duration, dominant frequency, repetition rate) of the advertisement and short aggressive calls of B. goiana males given in response to our playback treatments. Our results indicate that B. goiana males do not exhibit vocally mediated ‘dear enemy’ relationships. We discuss the possible ecological and social factors that may have impeded the evolution of ‘dear enemy’ relationships in this species.

RESUMOEstudos direcionados à caracterização de paisagens heterogêneas vêm sendo favorecidos pela associação a análise geoecológica com índices (métricas) descritores da paisagem. O objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar o estado de conservação da paisagem através da análise da fragmentação dos remanescentes de Cerrado nas sub-bacias Rio do Claro e Rio Garças, situadas na Alta Bacia do rio Araguaia com base em mapas de uso da terra, do ano de 2010 e cálculo dos índices descritores da paisagem com uso do software FRAGSTATS. Os resultados indicam que as sub-bacias apresentam situações contratantes de conservação entre as fitofisionomias e classes de uso, mas que ainda é possível, em função dos resultados indicados pelas métricas de conectividade a conservação ambiental nas áreas, após planejamentos específicos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Análise Geoecológica; Índices Descritores; Fragmentação da Vegetação. GEO-ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN SUB-BASINS OF THE RIVER CLARO (GO, BRAZIL) AND RIVER GARÇAS (MT, BRAZIL)ABSTRACT Studies aimed at the characterization of heterogeneous landscapes have been favored by the association analysis geoecológica with indices (metrics) descriptors of the landscape. The objective of this study was to evaluate the conservation status of the landscape by analyzing the fragmentation of the remnants of Cerrado in the sub-basins of the river Claro and the river Garças, located in Alta Araguaia River basin based on land use maps , in the year 2010 and calculation of indices of landscape descriptors using the software FRAGSTATS. The results indicate that the sub-basins have situations Contracting conservation between vegetation types and classes of use, but it is still possible, depending on the results indicated by the connectivity metrics in conservation areas after specific plans.