In this large clinical series of Brazilian children and adolescents, autoimmune hepatitis-1 was more frequent, and patients with autoimmune hepatitis-2 exhibited higher disease remission rates with earlier response to treatment. Patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 had a higher risk of death.
The fruit extracts of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) are traditionally used as weight-loss products and as appetite suppressants. A component of these extracts is octopamine, which is an adrenergic agent. Weight-loss and adrenergic actions are always related to metabolic changes and this work was designed to investigate a possible action of octopamine on liver metabolism. The isolated perfused rat liver was used to measure catabolic and anabolic pathways and hemodynamics. Octopamine increased glycogenolysis, glycolysis, oxygen uptake, gluconeogenesis and the portal perfusion pressure. Octopamine also accelerated the oxidation of exogenous fatty acids (octanoate and oleate), as revealed by the increase in 14CO2 production derived from 14C labeled precursors. The changes in glycogenolysis, oxygen uptake and perfusion pressure were almost completely abolished by α1-adrenergic antagonists. The same changes were partly sensitive to the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. It can be concluded that octopamine accelerates both catabolic and anabolic processes in the liver via adrenergic stimulation. Acceleration of oxygen uptake under substrate-free perfusion conditions also means acceleration of the oxidation of endogenous fatty acids, which are derived from lipolysis. All these effects are compatible with an overall stimulating effect of octopamine on metabolism, which is compatible with its reported weight-loss effects in experimental animals.
A metformina é um hipoglicemiante oral da classe das biguanidas muito utilizado no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Os estudos de equivalência farmacêutica destinam-se à avaliação de alguns parâmetros de qualidade dos medicamentos por meio de análise comparativa entre o(s) medicamento(s) teste e o medicamento de referência. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a equivalência farmacêutica de comprimidos de duas marcas de medicamento genérico e duas marcas de similar frente ao medicamento referência de cloridrato de metformina 850 mg. Os testes realizados nas amostras foram peso médio, teor de substância ativa, friabilidade, desintegração e dissolução. As amostras testadas foram aprovadas em todos os testes, encontrando-se dentro dos limites preconizados pela farmacopeia brasileira 5ª edição. Assim pode-se afi rmar que todos os medicamentos testados são equivalentes farmacêuticos do medicamento referência.
A equivalência farmacêutica entre dois medicamentos corresponde à comprovação de que ambos contêm o mesmo fármaco; isso é; mesmo sal ou éster da mesma molécula terapeuticamente ativa; mesma concentração; forma farmacêutica e via de administração; podendo ou não conter excipientes idênticos. Os testes realizados para análise comparativa de qualidade incluem ensaios físico-químicos e; quando aplicáveis; microbiológicos e biológicos. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os parâmetros de qualidade de duas marcas de medicamento genérico (denominadas D e E) e duas marcas de similar (B e C) em relação ao medicamento referência (A) de atenolol 50 mg. Foram realizados os testes de peso médio; friabilidade; desintegração e doseamento. Além disso; o controle microbiológico das amostras foi realizado por meio da contagem do número total de micro-organismos mesofílicos. O resultado foi que não ocorreu crescimento de colônias. Todas as amostras testadas cumpriram os requisitos dos testes realizados; de acordo com os parâmetros descritos na Farmacopeia Brasileira 6ª edição.
Paullinia cupana Kunth, commonly known as guarana, is a native Brazilian plant species from the Amazon area that presents various biological effects, including antimicrobial action. The aim of this study was to chemically analyse the semipurified aqueous extract (AqF) of the plant and to evaluate the activity of crude (CE), ethylacetate (EAF), and AqF extracts against Helicobacter pylori. The chemical profile of AqF was determined based on solid analysis 13 C-NMR, direct infusion mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and MALDI-TOF. The 13 C-NMR spectrum showed characteristics of flavan-3-ol and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. ESI-MS revealed the presence of procyanidin, caffeic acid and its derivatives. MALDI-TOF analysis detected procyanidins of up to 6 units and profisetinidins of up to 5 units. Whereas CE and EAF showed inhibitory activity against H. pylori, CE, EAF, and AqF presented not high
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