BackgroundLeptospirosis is an epidemic-prone neglected disease that affects humans and animals, mostly in vulnerable populations. The One Health approach is a recommended strategy to identify drivers of the disease and plan for its prevention and control. In that context, the aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of human cases of leptospirosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to explore possible drivers. Additionally, it sought to provide further evidence to support interventions and to identify hypotheses for new research at the human-animal-ecosystem interface.Methodology and findingsThe risk for human infection was described in relation to environmental, socioeconomic, and livestock variables. This ecological study used aggregated data by municipality (all 496). Data were extracted from secondary, publicly available sources. Thematic maps were constructed and univariate analysis performed for all variables. Negative binomial regression was used for multivariable statistical analysis of leptospirosis cases. An annual average of 428 human cases of leptospirosis was reported in the state from 2008 to 2012. The cumulative incidence in rural populations was eight times higher than in urban populations. Variables significantly associated with leptospirosis cases in the final model were: Parana/Paraiba ecoregion (RR: 2.25; CI95%: 2.03–2.49); Neossolo Litolítico soil (RR: 1.93; CI95%: 1.26–2.96); and, to a lesser extent, the production of tobacco (RR: 1.10; CI95%: 1.09–1.11) and rice (RR: 1.003; CI95%: 1.002–1.04).ConclusionUrban cases were concentrated in the capital and rural cases in a specific ecoregion. The major drivers identified in this study were related to environmental and production processes that are permanent features of the state. This study contributes to the basic knowledge on leptospirosis distribution and drivers in the state and encourages a comprehensive approach to address the disease in the animal-human-ecosystem interface.
Objective Neuromuscular re-education (NMRE) therapy including bracing, containment, facilitation techniques, joint compression, weight (WT) bearing, and myofascial release has been shown to improve neurodevelopmental maturation in premature infants. This study aimed to examine the association of NMRE with growth parameters including WT and length (L) at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and at discharge. Study Design We analyzed data of infants <34 weeks gestational age (GA) or <1,800 g birth weight (BW) to examine the association of NMRE with growth parameters using correlation coefficient analysis. The effect of potential confounders was examined using multilinear regression models. Results Study includes 253 premature infants. Average GA was 300/7 weeks (±23/7) and BW was 1,315 g (±416), 49.8% were females and 65% were African Americans. NMRE has inverse correlation with WT at birth and at 36 weeks PMA, −0.66 (<0.001) and −0.21 (<0.001), respectively, but not at the time of discharge. NMRE has direct correlation with change in WT from birth to 36 weeks PMA and time of discharge, 0.50 (<0.001) and 0.62 (<0.001), respectively, and from the time of starting therapy to 36 weeks PMA or discharge, 0.25 (<0.001) and 0.51 (<0.001), respectively. There was no negative correlation between NMRE with daily WT gain from birth to 36 weeks PMA or to discharge, −0.05 (0.43) and −0.07 (0.23), respectively, or from the time of starting therapy to 36 weeks PMA, −0.09 (0.14). There was an inverse correlation between NMRE with average WT gain per day from the time of starting therapy to discharge, −0.26 (<0.001), Similar findings were found examining the correlation between NMRE and changes in L. Multilinear regression analysis examining the relationship while controlling for GA, BW, sex, and race; socioeconomic variables; and concurrent massage therapy and sensory integration revealed similar results. Conclusion NMRE, aimed to enhance neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants, may not have a negative impact on their physical growth. Key Points
Objective Cue-based feeding aims at matching introduction of per oral (PO) feeding with physiological readiness of preterm infants to facilitate PO intake and avoid oral aversion. It was claimed that cue-based feeding may lead to delay in the initiation or achieving full PO feeding in clinical setting primarily using bubble nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The study aimed to examine the association of cue-based feeding with time of introduction and completing oral feeding in infants primarily managed with bubble CPAP. Study Design A retrospective analysis where outcomes of preterm infants ≤32 weeks' gestational age (GA) and ≤2,000 g birth weight (BW) were compared after a practice change from volume-based feeding advancement to cue-based feeding. Continuous variables were compared by using t-test and multilinear regression analysis to control for confounding variables. Results Of the 311 preterm infants who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, 194 were in the cue-based feeding group and 117 were in the volume-based advancement historical comparison group. There were no differences between groups regarding demographic or clinical variables. Postmenstrual age (PMA) of initial feeding assessment was less in the cue-based feeding group. Age of first PO feeding and when some PO was achieved every feed was mildly delayed in the cue-based feeding compared with comparison group, 34 (±1.3) versus 33.7 (±1.2) weeks, and 36.2 (±2.3) versus 36.0 (±2.4) weeks, (p < 0.01) respectively. However, the age of achieving full PO did not differ between groups, 36.8 (±2.2) versus 36.4 (±2.4) weeks (p = 0.13). There was no difference between groups regarding growth parameters at 36 weeks' PMA or at discharge. Similar results were obtained when examining subcategories of infants ≤1,000 g and 1,001 to 2,000 g. Conclusion Cue-based feeding may not be associated with a delay in achieving full oral feeding or prolongation of the length of stay in preterm infants managed with CPAP. Key Points
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