N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant, anti-adhesive, and antimicrobial compound. Even though there is much information regarding the role of NAC as an antioxidant and anti-adhesive agent, little is known about its antimicrobial activity. In order to assess its mode of action in bacterial cells, we investigated the metabolic responses triggered by NAC at neutral pH. As a model organism, we chose the Gram-negative plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), the causal agent of citrus canker disease, due to the potential use of NAC as a sustainable molecule against phytopathogens dissemination in citrus cultivated areas. In presence of NAC, cell proliferation was affected after 4 h, but damages to the cell membrane were observed only after 24 h. Targeted metabolite profiling analysis using GC–MS/TOF unravelled that NAC seems to be metabolized by the cells affecting cysteine metabolism. Intriguingly, glutamine, a marker for nitrogen status, was not detected among the cells treated with NAC. The absence of glutamine was followed by a decrease in the levels of the majority of the proteinogenic amino acids, suggesting that the reduced availability of amino acids affect protein synthesis and consequently cell proliferation.

Leaf scald is among the five more important diseases in sugarcane and its occurrence reduces yield and crop longevity. Resistant cultivars have been used to control the disease, but there is evidences of the occurrence of variants of the pathogen. In commercial fields located in São Paulo State, it has been observed that one sugarcane cultivar can show symptoms in some regions but not in anothers, suggesting the presence of variants within the pathogen population. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of genetic diversity of the bacteria in commercial areas. A total of 50 isolates were obtained in pure culture from symptomatic plants collected in 'Piracicaba (SP)', 'Jaú (SP)', 'Ribeirão Preto (SP)' region and 'Iturama (MG)'. The isolates were confirmed as X. albilineans by using characteristics such as of colony type, serology and PCR with specific primers. Rep-PCR method was used to evaluate genetic diversity using DNA Silva, M.S.; Bedendo, I.P.; Casagrande, M.V. Molecular and pathogenic characterization of isolates of Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dowson, causal agent of sugarcane leaf scald. Summa Phytopathologica, v.33, n.4, p.341-347, 2007. RESUMOA escaldadura das folhas, causada pela bactéria Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dowson, é uma das cinco doenças mais importantes da cana-de-açúcar e sua ocorrência reduz o rendimento e a longevidade da cultura. Variedades resistentes têm sido usadas para o controle, porém há evidências da ocorrência de variantes do patógeno. Em campos comerciais do Estado de São Paulo, tem sido observado que a mesma variedade de cana se apresenta como resistente em uma região e suscetível em outra, sugerindo a ocorrência de variantes na população do patógeno. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a presença de diversidade genética da bactéria em áreas comerciais. Um total de 50 isolados foram obtidos em cultura pura a partir de plantas sintomáticas coletadas em Piracicaba (SP), Jaú (SP), região de Ribeirão Preto (SP) e Iturama (MG). Os isolados foram confirmados como pertencentes à espécie X. albilineans por meio de características de colônias, serologia e PCR com 'primers' específicos. Para caracterização da diversidade genética, foi usado o método de RepSilva, M.S.; Bedendo, I.P.; Casagrande, M.V. Caracterização molecular e patogênica de isolados de Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby) Dowson, agente causal da escaldadura das folhas da cana-de-açúcar. Summa Phytopathologica, v.33, n.4, p.341-347, 2007.Palavras-chave adicionais: diversidade genética, teste de patogenicidade, método de inoculação.PCR, a partir do DNA extraído de cada isolado. Oito isolados, provenientes dos diferentes grupos identificados por rep-PCR, foram usados em testes de patogenicidade, por meio de inoculação em duas variedades de cana. Os resultados confirmaram todos os isolados como pertencentes à espécie X. albilineans. Por meio de rep-PCR, foi demonstrada diversidade genética entre os isolados, os quais foram separados em três grupos: um grupo composto somente pelos is...

The morphological plasticity of bacteria to form filamentous cells commonly represents an adaptive strategy induced by stresses. In contrast, for diverse human and plant pathogens, filamentous cells have been recently observed during biofilm formation, but their functions and triggering mechanisms remain unclear. To experimentally identify the underlying function and hypothesized cell communication triggers of such cell morphogenesis, spatially controlled cell patterning is pivotal. Here, we demonstrate highly selective cell adhesion of the biofilm-forming phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa to gold-patterned SiO2 substrates with well-defined geometries and dimensions. The consequent control of both cell density and distances between cell clusters demonstrated that filamentous cell formation depends on cell cluster density, and their ability to interconnect neighboring cell clusters is distance-dependent. This process allows the creation of large interconnected cell clusters that form the structural framework for macroscale biofilms. The addition of diffusible signaling molecules from supernatant extracts provides evidence that cell filamentation is induced by quorum sensing. These findings and our innovative platform could facilitate therapeutic developments targeting biofilm formation mechanisms of X. fastidiosa and other pathogens.

The morphological plasticity of bacteria to form filamentous cells commonly represents an adaptive strategy induced by stresses. In contrast, for diverse pathogens filamentous cells have been observed during biofilm formation, with function yet to be elucidated. To identify prior hypothesized quorum sensing as trigger of such cell morphogenesis, spatially controlled cell adhesion is pivotal. Here, we demonstrate highly-selective cell adhesion of the biofilm-forming phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa to gold-patterned SiO2 substrates with well-defined geometries and dimensions. The consequent control of both cell density and distances between cell clusters using these patterns provided evidence of quorum sensing governing filamentous cell formation. While cell morphogenesis is induced by cell cluster density, filamentous cell growth is oriented towards neighboring cell clusters and distance-dependent; large interconnected cell clusters create the early biofilm structural framework. Together, our findings and investigative platform could facilitate therapeutic developments targeting biofilm formation mechanisms of X. fastidiosa and other pathogens.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. Both bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) and ‘Ca. Liberibacter americanus’ (CLam) are associated with HLB in Brazil, but with a strong prevalence of CLas over CLam. Conventionally, HLB management focuses on controlling the insect vector population (Diaphorina citri; also known as Asian citrus psyllid – ACP) by spraying insecticides, an approach demonstrated to be mostly ineffective. Thus, development of novel more efficient HLB control strategies is required. The multifunctional bacterial outer membrane protein OmpA is involved in several molecular processes between bacteria and their hosts and has been suggested as a target for bacterial control. Curiously, OmpA is absent in CLam in comparison to CLas, suggesting a possible role on host-interaction. Therefore, in the current study, we have treated ACPs with different OmpA-derived peptides aiming to evaluate the acquisition of CLas by the insect vector. Treatment of psyllids with 5 µM of Pep1, Pep3, Pep5 and Pep6 in artificial diet significantly reduced the acquisition of CLas, while increasing the concentration of Pep5 and Pep6 to 50 µM abolished this process. In addition, in planta treatment with 50 µM of Pep6 also significantly decreased the acquisition of CLas and sweet orange plants stably absorbed and maintained this peptide for as long as three months post the final application. Together, our results demonstrate the promising use of OmpA-derived peptides as a novel biotechnological tool to control CLas.

SU-8 polymer is an excellent platform for diverse applications due to its high aspect ratio of micro/nanostructure fabrication and exceptional physicochemical and biocompatible properties. Although SU-8 polymer has often been investigated for various biological applications, how its surface properties influence the interaction of bacterial cells with the substrate and its colonization is poorly understood. In this work, we tailor SU-8 nanoscale surface properties to investigate single-cell motility, adhesion, and successive colonization of phytopathogenic bacteria, Xylella fastidiosa. Different surface properties of SU-8 thin films have been prepared using photolithography processing and oxygen plasma treatment. A more significant density of carboxyl groups in hydrophilic plasma-treated SU-8 surfaces promotes faster cell motility in the earlier growth stage. The hydrophobic nature of pristine SU-8 surfaces shows no trackable bacterial motility and 5–10 times more single cells adhered to the surface than its plasma-treated counterpart. In addition, plasma-treated SU-8 samples suppressed bacterial adhesion, with surfaces showing less than 5% coverage. These results not only showcase that SU-8 surface properties can impact the spatiotemporal bacterial behavior but also provide insights into pathogens’ prominent ability to evolve and adapt to different surface properties.

SU-8 polymer is an excellent platform for diverse applications due to its high aspect ratio of micro/nanostructures fabrication and exceptional optical, chemical, and biocompatible properties. Although SU-8 has been often investigated for a variety of biological applications, how its surface properties influence both the interaction of bacterial cells with the substrate and its colonization is poorly understood. In this work, we tailor SU-8 nanoscale surface properties to investigate single cell motility, adhesion and successive colonization of a phytopathogenic bacteria, Xylella fastidiosa. Different surface properties of SU-8 thin films have been prepared using photolithography processing and oxygen plasma treatment. We found a significant difference in bacterial cell behavior and subsequent colonization on SU-8 as surface property changes. A larger density of carboxyl groups in hydrophilic plasma-treated SU-8 surfaces promotes faster cell motility in the earlier stage of the growth. The hydrophobic nature of pristine SU-8 surfaces has no trackable bacterial motility with 5 to 10 times more single cells adhered to surface than its plasma-treated counterpart. In fact, plasma-treated SU-8 samples suppressed bacterial adhesion, with surfaces showing less than 5% coverage. These results not only showcase that SU-8 surface properties can impact the bacterial behavior in a spatiotemporal manner, but also provide insights on the prominent ability of pathogens to evolve and adapt to different surface properties.