In this study, amphibian tadpoles Rhinella arenarum were exposed to different concentrations of Roundup Ultra-Max (ULT), Infosato (INF), Glifoglex, and C-K YUYOS FAV. Tadpoles were exposed to these commercial formulations with glyphosate (CF-GLY) at the following concentrations (acid equivalent [ae]): 0 (control), 1.85, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg ae/L for 6-48 h (short-term). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were measured among tadpoles sampled from those treatments that displayed survival rates >85%. Forty-eight-hour LC(50) for R. arenarum tadpoles exposed to CF-GLY in the static tests ranged from ULT = 2.42 to FAV = 77.52 mg ae/L. For all CF-GLY, the LC(50) values stabilized at 24 h of exposure. Tadpoles exposed to all CF-GLY concentrations at 48 h showed decreases in the activities of AChE (control = 17.50 ± 2.23 nmol/min/mg/protein; maximum inhibition INF 30 mg ae/L, 71.52%), BChE (control = 6.31 ± 0.86 nmol/min/mg/protein; maximum inhibition INF 15 mg ae/L, 78.84%), CbE (control = 4.39 ± 0.46 nmol/min/mg/protein; maximum inhibition INF 15 mg ae/L, 81.18%), and GST (control = 4.86 ± 0.49 nmol/min/mg/protein; maximum inhibition INF 1.87 mg ae/L, 86.12%). These results indicate that CF-GLY produce a wide range of toxicities and that all enzymatic parameters tested may be good early indicators of herbicide contamination in R. arenarum tadpoles.

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B-esterase (BChE: butyrylcholinesterase and CbE: carboxylesterase) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were measured in the plasma of Chaunus schneideri collected in rice fields and surrounding environments and in a reference pristine forest. The chemical criterion based on in-vitro reactivation of BChE activity using pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) was also determined. Mean values of plasma BchE, CbE, and GST activity for samples from agricultural areas were different from those for samples from pristine forest. Plasma samples from the two agricultural areas showed positive reactivation of BChE activity after incubation with 2-PAM. Based on our experimental evidence we suggest B-esterases and gluthatione S-transferases can be used in field monitoring as biomarkers of exposure of wildlife to pesticides, because the analysis in non-destructive and is sensitive to anti-ChE agrochemicals. Chemical reactivation of BChE is also a complementary method for assessing the effects of pesticides on toads inhabiting rice fields. Further studies are urgently needed to investigate adverse effects of massive exposure to pesticides experienced by native populations of anurans.

We compared some hematological parameters and values of plasma cholinesterase activity in adult Bufo arenarum from a control site and agricultural sites. The mean values of the plasma cholinesterase activity did not vary among toads collected in pristine forest and agricultural sites. The blood parameters (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, white blood cells, and heterophils) from agricultural sites differed from the control site. The results suggest a high pesticide impact from intensive cropping in mid-eastern Santa Fe Province of Argentina.

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The aims of this work were to determine the effect of feeding BALB/c mice a diet containing culture materials of a citrinin producing strain of Penicillium citrinum (Thom). Changes in hematological parameters, serum chemistry and histological changes in liver, kidney and heart were determined. After 60 days, control treated (CT) mice appeared normal in all respects, whereas, the mice fed the feeds supplemented with Penicillium (CMT) showed decreased weight gain, lower hematocrits, increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and clear signs of renal and hepatotoxicity based on histological changes. Changes observed in the liver of CMT mice included portal and lobular infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, with concomitant hepatocellular necrosis, hepatic steatosis, prominent Kupffer's cells, hemosiderin granules in the cytoplasm of periportal hepatocytes and other lipid inclusions in the surrounding mitochondria were also observed. Our findings suggest that in vivo, P. citrinum Thom metabolites, which contain citrinin, could cause illnesses such as toxic hepatitis or intravascular hemolysis.