Networks-on-Chip constitute the interconnection architecture of future, massively parallel multiprocessors that assemble hundreds to thousands of processing cores on a single chip. Their integration is enabled by ongoing miniaturization of chip manufacturing technologies following Moore's Law. It comes with the downside of the circuit elements' increased susceptibility to failure. Research on fault-tolerant Networks-on-Chip tries to mitigate partial failure and its effect on network performance and reliability by exploiting various forms of redundancy at the suitable network layers. The article at hand reviews the failure mechanisms, fault models, diagnosis techniques, and fault-tolerance methods in on-chip networks, and surveys and summarizes the research of the last ten years. It is structured along three communication layers: the data link, the network, and the transport layers. The most important results are summarized and open research problems and challenges are highlighted to guide future research on this topic.
The world is going through an exceptional commodity boom triggered by a global demand shock largely caused by the sudden emergence of China and India as sizeable raw material importers. Prices of numerous commodities tripled between 2003 and 2006, resulting in huge windfalls for producers and a financial squeeze on consumers. A Handbook of Primary Commodities in the Global Economy is a guide to the ins and outs of this increasingly crucial part of the world economy. Assuming nothing more from readers than a basic understanding of economics, Marian Radetzki introduces and explains pertinent issues surrounding international commodity markets such as the global geography of raw materials, price formation, price trends, the role of commodity exchanges, the threat of depletion, cartel action, state ownership and the commodity nationalism.
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