Bile acids are important physiological agents required for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients. In addition, bile acids act as sensors of intestinal contents, which are determined by the change in the spectrum of bile acids during microbial transformation, as well as by gradual intestinal absorption. Entering the liver through the portal vein, bile acids regulate the activity of nuclear receptors, modify metabolic processes and the rate of formation of new bile acids from cholesterol, and also, in all likelihood, can significantly affect the detoxification of xenobiotics. Bile acids not absorbed by the liver can interact with a variety of cellular recipes in extrahepatic tissues. This provides review information on the synthesis of bile acids in various parts of the digestive tract, its regulation, and the physiological role of bile acids. Moreover, the present study describes the involvement of bile acids in micelle formation, the mechanism of intestinal absorption, and the influence of the intestinal microbiota on this process.
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Diarrhea is one of the manifestations of the novel coronavirus disease , but it also develops as a complication of massive antibiotic therapy in this disease. This study aimed to compare these types of diarrhea.We included patients with COVID-19 in a cohort study and excluded patients with chronic diarrhea, laxative use, and those who died during the first day of hospitalization.There were 89 (9.3%), 161 (16.7%), and 731 (75.7%) patients with early viral, late antibiotic-associated, and without diarrhea, respectively. Late diarrhea lasted longer (6 [4-10] vs 5 [3-7] days, P < .001) and was more severe. Clostridioides difficile was found in 70.5% of tested patients with late diarrhea and in none with early diarrhea. Presence of late diarrhea was associated with an increased risk of death after 20 days of disease (P = .009; hazard ratio = 4.7). Patients with late diarrhea had a longer hospital stay and total disease duration, and a higher proportion of these patients required intensive care unit admission. Oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23), oral clarithromycin (OR = 3.79), and glucocorticoids (OR = 4.41) use was a risk factor for the development of late diarrhea, while ceftriaxone use (OR = 0.35) had a protective effect. Before the development of late diarrhea, decrease in C-reactive protein levels and increase in lymphocyte count stopped but the white blood cell and neutrophil count increased. An increase in neutrophils by >0.6 Â 10 9 cells/L predicted the development of late diarrhea in the coming days (sensitivity 82.0%, specificity 70.8%, area under the curve = 0.791 [0.710-0.872]).Diarrhea in COVID-19 is heterogeneous, and different types of diarrhea require different management.Abbreviations: COVID-19 = novel coronavirus disease, CRP = C-reactive protein, WBC = white blood cells.
Bile acids are specific and quantitatively important organic components of bile, which are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol and are involved in the osmotic process that ensures the outflow of bile. Bile acids include many varieties of amphipathic acid steroids. These are molecules that play a major role in the digestion of fats and the intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds and are also involved in the regulation of many functions of the liver, cholangiocytes, and extrahepatic tissues, acting essentially as hormones. The biological effects are realized through variable membrane or nuclear receptors. Hepatic synthesis, intestinal modifications, intestinal peristalsis and permeability, and receptor activity can affect the quantitative and qualitative bile acids composition significantly leading to extrahepatic pathologies. The complexity of bile acids receptors and the effects of cross-activations makes interpretation of the results of the studies rather difficult. In spite, this is a very perspective direction for pharmacology.
BACKGROUND Gut dysbiosis and changes in body composition ( i.e. , a decrease in the proportion of muscle mass and an increase in extracellular fluid) are common in cirrhosis. AIM To study the relationship between the gut microbiota and body composition in cirrhosis. METHODS This observational study included 46 patients with cirrhosis. Stool microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed to assess body composition in these patients. RESULTS An increase in fat mass and a decrease in body cell mass were noted in 23/46 (50.0%) and 15/46 (32.6%) patients, respectively. Changes in the gut microbiome were not independently associated with the fat mass percentage in cirrhosis. The abundance of Bacteroidaceae ( P = 0.041) and Eggerthella ( P = 0.001) increased, whereas that of Erysipelatoclostridiaceae ( P = 0.006), Catenibacterium ( P = 0.021), Coprococcus ( P = 0.033), Desulfovibrio ( P = 0.043), Intestinimonas ( P = 0.028), and Senegalimassilia ( P = 0.015) decreased in the gut microbiome of patients with body cell mass deficiency. The amount of extracellular fluid increased in 22/46 (47.6%) patients. Proteobacteria abundance ( P < 0.001) increased, whereas Firmicutes ( P = 0.023), Actinobacteria ( P = 0.026), Bacilli ( P = 0.008), Anaerovoraceceae ( P = 0.027), Christensenellaceae ( P = 0.038), Eggerthellaceae ( P = 0.047), Erysipelatoclostridiaceae ( P = 0.015), Erysipelotrichaceae ( P = 0.003), Oscillospiraceae ( P = 0.024), Rikenellaceae ( P = 0.002), Collinsella ( P = 0.030), Hungatella ( P = 0.040), Peptococcaceae ( P = 0.023), Slackia ( P = 0.008), and Senegalimassilia ( P = 0.024) abundance decreased in these patients. Patients with clinically sig...
В Российской Федерации заболевания печени чаще всего представлены двумя нозологическими формами: неалкогольной и алкогольной жировой болезнью печени (НАЖБП и АБП). Успешное ведение таких пациентов, помимо воздействия на функциональное состояние печени, требует тщательного анализа их неспецифических жалоб, в частности, астенического синдрома, который опосредованно может приводить к обострению заболевания печени и дополнительному экономическому бремени для здравоохранения. Выяснение природы астенического синдрома, поиск методов его разрешения актуальны для указанной популяции пациентов. Цель: изучить влияние антиоксидантного препарата Максар (экстракт древесины маакии амурской) на органическую и функциональную составляющие астенического синдрома у пациентов с НАЖБП и АБП без признаков декомпенсации заболевания. Материалы и методы. Наблюдательная программа выполнялась в условиях повседневной клинической практики в трех городах Российской Федерации: Москва, Челябинск, Владивосток. 80 пациентов (40с НАЖБП, 40 -с АБП) были подробно обследованы согласно разработанному дизайну. Исследовали лабораторные показатели -маркеры воспалительного процесса в печени (лейкоциты, СОЭ, АЛТ, АСТ, ГГТП, СРБ). Проведено тестирование для объективизации психоэмоционального статуса с помощью шкалы оценки усталости (D-FIS) и четырехмерной шкалы оценки дистресса, депрессии, тревоги и соматизации (4DSQ). Результаты. Согласно опроснику D-FIS у всех пациентов отмечалась усталость, согласно опроснику 4DSQ выявлена корреляция дистресса с уровнем лабораторных показателей у всех участников. Для депрессии и тревоги при НАЖБП такой корреляции не отмечено. Напротив, при АБП все психоэмоциональные нарушения кроме соматизации положительно коррелировали с маркерами воспаления. Астенический синдром у пациентов как с НАЖБП, так и с АБП имеет сложное происхождение и связан как с воспалительным процессом в печени, так и с психоэмоциональными нарушениями. Назначение препарата Максар у всех пациентов привело к снижению изучаемых лабораторных показателей -маркеров воспаления и положительно повлияло на их психоэмоциональный статус, что выражалось в уменьшении дистресса, депресcии, тревоги и соматизации согласно вопроснику 4DSQ, уменьшении усталости согласно вопроснику D-FIS. Заключение. Результаты наблюдательной программы показали, что пациенты с НАЖБП и АБП часто испытывают различные компоненты астенического синдрома: дистресс, депрессию, тревогу, соматизацию, усталость. Назначение препарата Максар сопровождается снижением лабораторных показателей воспаления и положительно влияет на составляющие астенического синдрома у пациентов с НАЖБП и АБП. На фоне применения препарата возникновения клинически значимых побочных эффектов не зафиксировано. Ключевые слова: неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени, алкогольная болезнь печени, воспаление, астенический синдром, дистресс, депрессия, тревога, соматизация Конфликт интересов: наблюдательная программа выполнялась при финансовой поддержке компании «Мир-Фарм».
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