With respect to the fulfillment of the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy, the threat of poverty and social exclusion has not been sufficiently reduced in the European Union (EU) over the past decade, and large regional disparities persist. Young people are the most affected by the problems of income poverty, material deprivation and labour market exclusion, which are the three dimensions of poverty and social exclusion. In this article, we focus on comparing the EU countries in terms of the three listed dimensions, while revealing similarities and differences in the incidence and severity of these social phenomena among youth. In addition to measuring dimensions by the currently used AROPE (at risk of poverty or social exclusion) rate, we also use a larger spectrum of relevant indicators for a more comprehensive analysis. While the AROPE aggregate indicator uses the same methodology for the population of young people as for the whole population, our approach includes indicators that are specific to young people. We assume that all dimensions affect each other, so we apply multidimensional statistical methods such as principal components and cluster analysis to analyse them. These methods have revealed that some dimensions affect poverty and social exclusion to a greater extent and others to a lesser extent than might appear to be the case, based on AROPE’s partial rates. Moreover, we present quantified integral indicators that together with the results of the multivariate methods, provide a rather complex picture concerning the geographical distribution of poverty and social exclusion, as well as their dimensions in the EU, for the population of persons aged 18–24 years in 2008 and 2017.
Background: Mechanical thrombectomy is the standard therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The primary aim of our study was to compare the procedural efficacy of the direct aspiration technique, using Penumbra ACETM aspiration catheter, and the stent retriever technique, with a SolitaireTM FR stent. Secondarily, we investigated treatment-dependent and treatment-independent factors that predict a good clinical outcome. Methods: We analyzed our series of mechanical thrombectomies using a SolitaireTM FR stent and a Penumbra ACETM catheter. The clinical and radiographic data of 76 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Using binary logistic regression, we looked for the predictors of a good clinical outcome. Results: In the Penumbra ACETM group we achieved significantly higher rates of complete vessel recanalization with lower device passage counts, shorter recanalization times, shorter procedure times and shorter fluoroscopy times (p < 0.001) compared to the SolitaireTM FR group. We observed no significant difference in good clinical outcomes (52.4% vs. 56.4%, p = 0.756). Predictors of a good clinical outcome were lower initial NIHSS scores, pial arterial collateralization on admission head CT angiography scan, shorter recanalization times and device passage counts. Conclusions: The aspiration technique using Penumbra ACETM catheter is comparable to the stent retriever technique with SolitaireTM FR regarding clinical outcomes.
This article reports the results of a study of consumer attitudes to brand loyalty. An empirical investigation is based on the sample of 872 individuals aged from sixteen years and located in the cities with upper and lower ten thousands inhabitants in sports shoes market. First, the creation of brand loyalty is defined, followed by an overview of theoretical works in the field. Finally, the study itself is presented. The study concludes that there is a significant dependence on the degree of loyalty determined by the environment in which consumers live and expenses connected with a specific sport. It also reveals the dimensions of brand selection that is influenced by a reflection of self-image of consumer in spite of the increase of price.
Business Demography monitors the file of active enterprises -those actually doing business regardless of when they obtained the authorisation to operate, closed enterprises -those out of business regardless of when they were actually legally terminated, and enterprises surviving for a given time since their establishment. The result of this monitoring is a group of basic indicators used to characterise the number of newly established, closed and surviving businesses in the EU as well as indicators related to the number of people these enterprises employ.The main aim of this article is to classify EU countries by selected derived data focused on business demography using a neural network model -Kohonen self-organising maps for the last monitored period. This model involves creating homogeneous groups of countries to be characterised by demographic indicators associated with the birth, survival, and deaths of enterprises and the related employment, all of which are inter-* The article came into being within the project VEGA no.
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