ResuMo objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática para identificar os transtornos mais prevalentes na infância e adolescência e possíveis fatores associados. Mé-todos: Várias bases eletrônicas de dados foram pesquisadas. Foram considerados critérios de inclusão: estudos epidemiológicos de base populacional; observacionais; com instrumentos validados; publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português; e que obtiveram pontuação acima de 12 pontos conforme critérios metodológi cos do Checklist for Measuring Quality. Resultados: Os transtornos mais frequentes encontrados pelos estudos, respectivamente, foram: depressão, transtornos de ansiedade, transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH), transtorno por uso de substâncias e transtorno de conduta. Fatores que mais se mostraram associados aos diferentes transtornos foram: fatores biológicos, fatores genéticos e fatores ambientais. Conclusão: O conhecimento desses transtornos e seus potenciais fatores de risco trazem a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de programas de intervenção focados em prevenir ou atenuar os efeitos destes. aBstRaCt objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify the most prevalent disorders in childhood and adolescence and associated factors. Methods: Several electronic databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were: population-based epidemiological studies; observational; with validated instruments; published in English, Spanish or Portuguese; and who achieved a score above 12 points as the methodological criteria Checklist for Measuring Quality. Results: The most frequent disorders found by studies, respectively, were: depression, anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance use disorder and conduct disorder. Factors that were associated with different disorders were biological factors, genetic factors and environmental factors. Conclusion: The knowledge of these disorders and their potential risk factors bring the possibility of developing intervention programs focused on prevent or attenuate their effects.
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