Raspberry production represents an alternative for farmers in the temperate zones of Mexico. Due to the environmental impact caused by conventional agriculture, there is currently greater demand for organic food in the national and international market. To achieve this need, new fertilization techniques based on organic amendments are being tested. In the present study, yields and quality were evaluated over a 3-year period (2015, 2016 and 2017) as well as the phytochemical compounds of the production in 2017, with management of organic versus conventional fertilization of raspberry crop in open field in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico. During the three years of study, the conventional fertilization system obtained higher yields, compared to the organic one, with values of 2,698 and 2,351 g per linear meter in 2015, 2,423 and 1,301 g per linear meter in 2016 and the data for 2017 were 3,077 and 2,550 g per linear meter, respectively. Regarding quality, the results showed no statistical differences between the two systems of production about colour, firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH of the fruit. Differently the composition of phytochemicals, phenols, flavonoids, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity was better under the organic management. In conclusion, the conventional system showed higher yields, the quality of the fruits was not different between the two systems, while the levels of phytochemicals were higher with the organic farming. Therefore, it is important to continue the research in order to improve soil fertility and achieve higher yields under the organic management.
Raspberries are important sources of bioactive compounds, whose synthesis is influenced by the fertilization system and the maturity stage. This study evaluated the effect of organic and conventional fertilization systems on raspberries at three maturity stages, pink, ripe, and overripe. Physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds (phenolic profile, vitamin C), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, and ORAC), phenolic-associated enzyme, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and APX) were evaluated. The physicochemical determination of the fruit did not reveal differences between fertilization systems. Regarding bioactive compounds, higher content of anthocyanins was found in organic raspberries at all maturity stages. Organic fertilization increased the content of ellagic acid and gallic acid at all stages of maturity. Higher content of caffeic, hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic acid, and vitamin C was observed in organic raspberry at the overripe stage. Raspberries grown with organic fertilization exhibited higher values of antioxidant capacity by the DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC methods at all maturity stages. Raspberries under organic fertilization showed significantly greater activity of CAT, SOD, APX, GPX, and PAL. The present study suggests that organic fertilization induces oxidative stress causing an increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms, enhancing bioactive compound production, and improving antioxidant capacity in raspberries.
Intensive horticultural crop production usually involves challenges from excessive application of fertilizer, mainly nitrogen (N). The effect of N fertilizer on the fruit quality and antioxidant status of two cherry tomato cultivars (Caballero and Victoria) under greenhouse conditions was performed. Nitrogen treatments were applied ranging from conditions comprising deficiency to toxicity (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mmol•L-1). Yield, weight, diameter, fruit quality, phenols, flavonoids, lycopene, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity were measured at physiological maturity of the fresh tomato fruits. N treatment with 30 mmol•L-1 produced the highest yield, fruit weight, firmness and diameter in both cultivars. However, increasing N from 30 to 60 mmol•L-1 increased the concentration of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity by 50, 125 and 33% in 'Caballero' tomatoes and by 60, 95 and 24% in 'Victoria' tomatoes, respectively. Lycopene content increased with increasing N doses (45 and 60 mmol•L-1) for 'Caballero' tomatoes, while vitamin C decreased as N concentration increased, suggesting that ascorbic acid acts by protecting against oxidative stress in tomato. The present work shows how N fertilization considerably influences yield and quality of tomatoes, as well as nutritional and healthy values.
This study aimed to characterize the quality and bioactive compounds from five cultivars grown in Mexico´s northern region: Heritage, Summit, Harvest, and red and yellow Autumn. The physicochemical characteristics, DPPH antiradical capacity, total phenolics, flavonoid and anthocyanins, polyphenolic profile, and ascorbic acid levels of the raspberries were assessed. The Harvest cultivar presented the highest weight and firmness and the lowest yield, total phenolics, and flavonoids. The yellow Autumn Bliss contained higher concentrations of polyphenols and ascorbic acid, and the red Autumn Bliss contained higher concentrations of flavonoids and anthocyanins and possessed a greater antioxidant capacity. The polyphenol profile indicated the presence of seven phenolic acids, namely, ellagic, gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, hydroxybenzoic, and protocatechuic acids; and four flavonoids, namely, catechin, quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, and rutin; these compounds were present in all the varieties, except for rutin, in yellow Autumn Bliss. The results of this study highlight the most valuable raspberry cultivars in terms of weight and firmness (Harvest), yield (Heritage), polyphenols and ascorbic acid (yellow Autumn Bliss), and anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity (red Autumn Bliss) in raspberries grown in northern Mexico.
Con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento sobre la propagación asexual de Rubus idaeus L., se estableció un experimento cuyo objetivo fue conocer, en dos años consecutivos (2017 y 2018), los efectos de tipos de sustratos y ácido indol-3-butírico (IBA), en la propagación de diferentes variedades frambuesa a partir de esquejes de raíz bajo condiciones de invernadero. Los sustratos utilizados como medio de enraizamiento de los esquejes fueron compost con alto contenido de materia orgánica, arena y un sustrato de textura franco arcillosa, los esquejes se trataron con IBA en concentraciones de 1, 5 y 10 mEq L-1. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción de nuevas plantas a través del tiempo, porcentaje de sobrevivencia de plantas trasplantadas con tratamientos de IBA y eficiencia de los sustratos. Los resultados demostraron diferencias estadísticas en la producción dinámica de brotes nuevos en las variedades estudiadas. Comportándose la variedad “Heritage” con mayor emisión de brotes nuevos a partir de la raíz en los dos años de estudio. Las concentraciones de IBA 1, 5 y 10 mEq L-1 afectaron el porcentaje de sobrevivencia de las plantas trasplantadas, mostrando el tratamiento testigo mayor eficiencia de supervivencia. El sustrato con alto contenido de materia orgánica fue el más adecuado en función de la eficiencia de enraizamiento de plantas trasplantadas en macetas individuales. Se concluye que aplicaciones de IBA afectan la eficiencia de enraizamiento en plantas de frambuesa, considerando que son plantas muy suculentas, lo cual limita el efecto de la hormona de enraizamiento.
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