Quality, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Enzymes of Raspberries at Different Maturity Stages, Effects of Organic vs. Conventional Fertilization

Abstract

Raspberries are important sources of bioactive compounds, whose synthesis is influenced by the fertilization system and the maturity stage. This study evaluated the effect of organic and conventional fertilization systems on raspberries at three maturity stages, pink, ripe, and overripe. Physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds (phenolic profile, vitamin C), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, and ORAC), phenolic-associated enzyme, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and APX) were evaluated. The physicochemical determination of the fruit did not reveal differences between fertilization systems. Regarding bioactive compounds, higher content of anthocyanins was found in organic raspberries at all maturity stages. Organic fertilization increased the content of ellagic acid and gallic acid at all stages of maturity. Higher content of caffeic, hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic acid, and vitamin C was observed in organic raspberry at the overripe stage. Raspberries grown with organic fertilization exhibited higher values of antioxidant capacity by the DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC methods at all maturity stages. Raspberries under organic fertilization showed significantly greater activity of CAT, SOD, APX, GPX, and PAL. The present study suggests that organic fertilization induces oxidative stress causing an increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms, enhancing bioactive compound production, and improving antioxidant capacity in raspberries.

Trends in maintaining postharvest freshness and quality of Rubus berries

“…Over-ripe (100%) ↑ SSC, fructose, glucose, sucrose, total anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-sophoroside, cyanidin 3-lucoside, Cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside, Cyanidin 3-rutinoside ↓ TA, malic acid, citric acid, ORAC, TPC, DPPH, ellagic acid, quercetin 3-glucuronide, quercetin derivatives (Wang et al, 2009) Over-ripe (100%) ↑ SSC, pH, TPC, total anthocyanins, vitamin C, CAT, APX, GPX, ORAC ↓ hue angle, firmness, TA, TFC, SOD, DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, PAL NS = berry weight (Frías-Moreno et al, 2021) Slightly over-ripe ↑ weight loss, SSC, TPC, total anthocyanins, individual anthocyanins ↓ L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue angle, TA, vitamin C, TEAC (Krüger et al, 2011) Abbreviations: ↑, increased as compared to control; ↓, decreased as compared to control; ABTS, 2, 2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; CAT, catalase; CO 2 , carbon dioxide; DPPH, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, ferric reduction antioxidant power; GPX, guaiacol peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; H 2 O 2 , hydrogen peroxide; MDA, malondialdehyde; NS, nonsignificant; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; POD, peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SSC, soluble solid contents; TA, titratable acidity; TEAC, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TFC, total flavonoid contents; TPC, total phenolic contents. complex chelating compounds (Cardona et al, 2017).…”

Micronized Powder of Raspberry Pomace as a Source of Bioactive Compounds

“…The identification of phenolic compounds carried out showed that in the studied micronized powders from raspberry byproduct, there are nine different types of such compounds, including: ellagic acid derivative (1), cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2glucosylrutinoside), cyanidin-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, ellagic acid derivative ( 6), ellagic acid derivative (7), ellagic acid and rutin. Significantly higher contents of ellagic acid and ellagic acid derivatives (1, 6, 7) and rutin were detected in micronized samples (10 and 20 MRP) than in the control (CRP) sample, regardless of micronization time in the tested range of 10 to 20 min.…”

“…They are a source of several essential micronutrients and dietary fiber [5]. Raspberry fruit is rich in antioxidant compounds, especially polyphenols [6][7][8]. The polyphenols present in the fruit are mainly ellagitannins and anthocyanins.…”

A Systemic review on Antioxidant Potential of Berries used in Imuuxanth by Renatus

“…Raspberries exhibit many antioxidant components and possess high radical scavenging activity. Lyophilized aqueous extracts of different types of raspberries contain p-coumaric acid, which is mainly responsible for free radical scavenging of raspberries 27 . Anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and polyphenols also showed antioxidant and tumor proliferation inhibitory activities 28 .…”