Silicon (Si) is a beneficial nutrient for plant growth and productivity. Our investigation was conducted to study the influence of Si application for ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on rice through sodium regulation in plant tissues. Three same textured soils (sandy clay loam) with different electrical conductivity (EC e : 2.85, 5.28 and 7.57 dS m-1) and pH (8.1, 8.6 and 8.9) were collected at 0-15 cm depth from the Bahauddin Zakariya University Agricultural Farm in Multan, Pakistan. The Si @ 50, 75 and 100 mg kg-1 as calcium silicate was applied to pots containing 10 kg sandy clay loam soil (sand 48%, silt 17%, clay 35%). A control without Si application was also maintained. The completely randomized design in 3 × 4 factorial experiment with three replications was established. Thirty days old, seedlings of Kernel Basmati rice were transplanted manually and standard cultural practices were followed. Results showed a significant (p<0.05) effect of soil salinity on rice growth and yield parameters. A reduction in grain, straw, leaf and root concentrations of Si, P and K/Na was observed under salinity; however, Si application at 100 mg kg-1 ameliorated the salinity stress and significantly increased the root/shoot dry weights, tiller numbers, grain numbers per spike, paddy yield, harvest index, and P and Si concentrations in root, straw, leaves and grains over control though similar to Si @ 75 mg kg-1 for shoot dry weight, number of tillers, harvest index, grain/root P concentration and leaf Si concentration. The Si application affected K/Na by increasing K uptake with an associated decrease in Na concentration in plant tissues. Thus, Si application at 100 or 75 mg kg-1 soil (200 or 150 kg ha-1) could be a useful strategy for rice production in salt-affected lands. Shoot dry weight, Number of tillers. Harvest index, Grain/root P conc., Leaf Si conc.
The highly luminescent CdSe/CdS/ZnS core–multi-shell quantum dots (QDs) were prepared without a protective atmosphere through the precursor injection method (phosphine free) in paraffin liquid and oleic acid. Polymers (PEG, PVA, PVP, and PAA) were coated to CdSe/CdS/ZnS core–multi-shell quantum dots to increase stability. However, core–multi-shell structured QDs reveal enhanced emission in the range 355–410 nm by suppressing the defect sensitive cores and nonradioactive recombination in PL spectra. The cubic zinc blended quantum dots with crystallite size in the range 22–44 nm, as confirmed by XRD, were obtained. The resultant absorption spectra of all the samples showed that the samples were absorbent in the UV region over the 302–380 nm range. In the FT-IR spectrum 712, 731, and 400–700 cm–1 band values were assigned to CdSe, CdS, and ZnS band stretching, respectively. Images of CdSe, CdSe/CdS, and CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots obtained from the SEM were spherical whereas QDs capped with different polymers (PEG, PVA, PVP, and PAA) showed nanofibers that were linear and homogeneous size ranged between 12 and 38 nm. These as prepared QDs were placed under visible light for 48 h. After absorbing UV light, the range of UV–vis intensity was enhanced until 389–464 nm and emission intensity enhanced until 492–509 nm, which was confirmed by UV and PL spectra. CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs with organic ligands revealed antibacterial activity over a broad range against Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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