Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) studies how institutions (the rules of the game of a society) determine the performance of a social-economic system. Elinor Ostrom extends the institutional analysis to the collective action for a particular case, the study of the social-ecological systems (SESs) (Ostrom 1990). Any group that attempts to manage a common resource (e.g. aquifers, pastures) for optimal sustainable production must solve a set of problems in order to create institutions to facilitate collective action. Some evidences show that following a set of design principles in creating institutions can lead to overcome these problems. The aim of the paper is to apply the SES framework to an artisanal fishery community in Argentina in order to: 1) describe the principal features, key variables and relations of the small-scale fishery system; 2) detect the principal drivers of a potential common-management and the leading detractors from the current communal performance; and 3) analyze the possibility that a self-governing for sustainable fishery may appear. Several drivers for potential common-management and some detractors from the current common performance are summarized. Artisanal fishery SES is currently at a bifurcation point. A common historical and cultural root, the presence of leaderships, the relevance of local knowledge, the dependence on the resource to sustainable livelihoods and the threat of big-scale fisheries area have generated incentives to collectiveaction. But, simultaneously, internal conflicts are the most important barrier for an integrated community-based management. The heterogeneity among actors and the relevant external conditions have resulted in two groups diverging in their self-organization. The work is framed by the project COMET-LA (COmmunitybased Management of Environmental challenges in Latin America; European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme of Research and Development), which aims to identify sustainable community-based governance for the management of natural resources that can be used in different social-ecological systems in a context of climate change and increasing competition in the use of resources.
ABSTRACT. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is a concept critical to managing social-ecological systems but whose implementation needs strengthening. Scenario planning is one approach that may offer benefits relevant to CBNRM but whose potential is not yet well understood. Therefore, we designed, trialed, and evaluated a scenario-planning method intended to support CBNRM in three cases, located in Colombia, Mexico, and Argentina. Implementing scenario planning was judged as worthwhile in all three cases, although aspects of it were challenging to facilitate. The benefits generated were relevant to strengthening CBNRM: encouraging the participation of local people and using their knowledge, enhanced consideration of and adaptation to future change, and supporting the development of systems thinking. Tracing exactly when and how these benefits arose was challenging, but two elements of the method seemed particularly useful. First, using a systematic approach to discuss how drivers of change may affect local social-ecological systems helped to foster systems thinking and identify connections between issues. Second, explicitly focusing on how to use and respond to scenarios helped identify specific practical activities, or "response options," that would support CBNRM despite the pressures of future change. Discussions about response options also highlighted the need for support by other actors, e.g., policy groups: this raised the question of when and how other actors and other sources of knowledge should be involved in scenario planning, so as to encourage their buy-in to actions identified by the process. We suggest that other CBNRM initiatives may benefit from adapting and applying scenario planning. However, these initiatives should be carefully monitored because further research is required to understand how and when scenario-planning methods may produce benefits, as well as their strengths and weaknesses versus other methods.
Resumen: El estudio del clima urbano es relevante para conocer el ambiente donde habita la mayor parte de la población. Las ciudades presentan sectores que incluyen estructuras edilicias, espacios verdes, suelos al descubierto, tránsito vehicular, necesidades calóricas de la ciudad y diferentes coberturas de sombras. Actualmente, el cambio climático y sus efectos sobre las ciudades son temas de gran interés científico. Son escasas las investigaciones que interpretan los cambios térmicos que se producen en el interior de las ciudades debido a la densificación de los edificios y como consecuencia de la variabilidad climática. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el comportamiento de la Temperatura de Superficie Terrestre (TST) y su relación con las distintas coberturas del suelo en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Para ello, se analizaron imágenes satelitales Landsat 5 TM y 7 ETM+ con el método monocanal. Además, se realizó un mapa de coberturas del suelo mediante interpretación visual de imágenes satelitales validado por intervención empírica. Posteriormente, se relacionaron los datos de TST con las coberturas del suelo. En el centro de la ciudad, la TST presentó variaciones espaciales heterogéneas según las estaciones del año y las sombras generadas por los edificios. Los mayores valores de TST se localizaron en la periferia (45,1°C) y en urbano muy disperso (46°C) y el menor en el centro de la ciudad (2°C). Las distintas coberturas del suelo generaron menores fluctuaciones de TST en invierno (>5°C) y las mayores en verano (entre 15 y 25°C).Palabras clave: Teledetección, TST, Bahía Blanca, clima urbano, coberturas del suelo. Utilization of satellite images to study the thermal distribution in different soil covers in Bahia Blanca city (Argentina)Abstract: The study of the urban climate is relevant to increase the knowledge about the environment where live most of the world's population. Cities have areas that include buildings, green spaces, un-vegetated soils, transit, among others. Currently, scientists are focusing on the effects of climate change in cities. There is a shortage of studies that analyze the thermal changes that occur in the inner city due to the densification of buildings. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and its relation with different soil covers in Bahia Blanca city, Argentina. Satellite images from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ were analyzed with singlechannel method. Besides, it was made a soil coverage map through visual interpretation of satellite images and it was validated with field trips. LST data were compared with each soil coverage. In downtown, the LST was heterogeneous and presented spatial variations according to the season and the shadows of the buildings. The maximum values of LST were localized in the periphery (45.1°C) and in urban very sparse (46°C) and the minimum in downtown (2°C). Each soil cover had minor fluctuations in the winter (>5°C) and higher in the summe...
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