Se ofrece una historia del estudio científico sobre el conocimiento y el uso de la biodiversidad y su conservación, con énfasis en el sur de México, donde se maximizan a la vez la diversidad natural y la marginación social. Abandonada a sí misma por siglos, la región sur de México se ha visto envuelta en las últimas décadas en un proceso depredatorio impresionante. El surgimiento de instituciones científicas en la región desde hace casi medio siglo ha ayudado a conocer el potencial físico, biótico y humano existente y a establecer estrategias para su manejo, ante problemas tales como la globalización y el cambio climático. Aunque la historia de la conservación biológica como tal es mucho más reciente que la del desarrollo rural, existe entre ambas disciplinas una interdependencia crucial. La biodiversidad, su conocimiento, uso y conservación, debe no solo ser compatible con la justicia social, sino contribuir a ésta.
<p class="p2">La roya anaranjada (<em>Hemileia vastatrix</em>), durante el periodo 2012-2013, afectó en gran medida la producción del café en México y en consecuencia a las familias dependientes de la caficultura. La actividad cafetalera envuelve un cúmulo de conocimientos que son el resultado de percepciones, observaciones y experiencias adquiridas a lo largo del tiempo. El objetivo del estudio es identificar aquellos conocimientos intrínsecos y apropiados sobre la enfermedad de la roya del cafeto con la finalidad de servir como referente para la construcción de espacios que fomenten el diálogo de saberes y constituyan una herramienta para el diseño colectivo de estrategias de manejo del hongo <em>Hemileia vastatrix</em>. Para el levantamiento de datos se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas: entrevista semiestructurada, análisis de contenido mediante el software QRS N6 y la Escala Likert, esta última para analizar el conocimiento que existe sobre la roya y la actitud que mantienen los productores hacia la actividad cafetalera, sin pretender evaluar el conocimiento. Los factores identificados que inciden en la construcción del conocimiento de los caficultores son: la observación, experimentación, herencia familiar y medios de información; este estudio permitirá valorar el aporte de los caficultores en la ciencia para enfrentar los problemas asociados al sistema cafetalero.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
<p><strong>Background:</strong> The cacao agroforestry system (Cacao-AFS) is a small-scale design system with a great diversity and multiple functions; at the same time that is very vulnerable to the climatic variability. Through resilience is possible to see, how does a system respond and/or reorganize in the face of a perturbation like climate change. This work makes a review of Cacao-AFS and analyzes its potential resilience to climate change. <strong>Methodology</strong>: A review of the state of the art about the cacao system and its resilience had been organized from an analysis of 249 works consulted from bibliographic bases. The information was codified in six factors (scientific and contemporaneous knowledge, agrobiodiversity, socioecological autoregulation, capital, and social self-organization) and climate change implications, and finally evaluated through a matrix. <strong>Results:</strong> Through the review of the literature, it was found that there is a great adaptive capacity because scientific innovation and contemporaneous knowledge it generates different actions to solve some problems of the system. Also, it was found that there is a great agrobiodiversity in the system that allows the socioecological reproduction of the system (autoregulation). On the other hand, the system is low rentable and the young people don`t want to incorporate to the activity (low capital) and the social actors don´t use to cooperate (low self-organization). <strong>Implications:</strong> It was found that there are some aspects that favor the resilience of cacao system and others that need to be improved. To improve the resilience of the Cacao-AFS to climate change it is necessary to create spaces for the self-organization of the different actors and the knowledge dialogue, and to make a transition to more just and agroecological schemes. There are still some parts of the systems and their resilience that had not been totally investigated, like the local responses of the communities to climate change, the immaterial life of the cacao peasants, their inter-familiar and inter-community links, the environmental history of the cacao system, the functional and respond biodiversity and holistic economic diagnostics. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The cacao system had some elements that indicate some degree of resilience to the climate change. The cacao system is resilient to climate change in some factors and not resilient in others. Their investigation is a fertile field to make multi and interdisciplinary studies.</p>
We describe the habitat ofspecies within .the Fagaceae subgenus Lepidobalanus (genus Quercus) and identify environmental variables relatedto their distribution in the Meseta Central of Chiapas, Southern Mexico. In 258 plots adortúnance index was used, combining tree density arid crown cover, for Quercus peduncularis, Q. polymorpha,Q. rugosa, Q. sebifera and Q.segoviensis. The following variables were measmed:. altitude, pre' cipitatioh from November through April (PPNA), exposure, slope, fuelcwoódharvesting and grazing. Detrended Carmonical correspondence Analysis was used for the statistical evaluation of data. Negative relationships among the donimance index of Q. peducularís and Q .. segoviensis, and altitude and PPNAvalues were found. The' dominance index oiQ. rugusa and Q. segoviensis was correlated with exposure .and intusity of fuel-wood harvesting. Altitude, and to a les ser extent PPNA;. determinedthe distribution of the evaluáted specíes. The results sUggest thatQuercus peduncularis, Q. polymorpha, Q. rugosa, Q. segovíensis and Q.sibijefa display different ecological patterus
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