The prevalence of symptoms indicative of HVS in an unselected population of adolescents was relatively high. Symptoms were more common in girls and in subjects with asthma, and there was a significant effect of asthma activity on the probability of suffering from HVS. Further studies need to be performed in order to validate a screening tool for HVS in both adolescents and asthmatic subjects.

Objective: To assess oxygen diffusion at 36 weeks' post-menstrual age in preterm infants by means of the non-invasive oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (36w-SFR) and to identify factors associated with 36w-SFR

Background Early continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and surfactant replacement are effective treatments for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). CPAP is the first line in preterm infants needing respiratory support, with surfactant replacement in case of CPAP failure (CPAP‐F). Objectives To analyze incidence and factors associated with CPAP‐F in preterm infants with RDS. Design, Setting and Patients Single‐center retrospective database analysis (2004–2017) of inborn infants, gestational age (GA) 24 + 0/7–31 + 6/7 weeks, not intubated on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, managed with CPAP. CPAP‐F was defined as intubation and surfactant administration in the first 72 h of life; CPAP success (CPAP‐S) was CPAP alone without need for additional RDS treatments. Demographic, respiratory, and clinical data associated with CPAP‐F were studied using logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 562 infants met the inclusion criteria: 252 (44.8%) were CPAP‐F and 310 (55.2%) were CPAP‐S. The CPAP‐F, compared to CPAP‐S group, had lower GA and birth weight, and were less likely to receive antenatal steroids or to be vaginal births. Logistic regression showed that the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ≥ 0.23 between 180 and 240 min of life (FiO2 180–240 min) was the strongest factor associated with CPAP‐F (odds ratio: 16.01 [95% confidence interval: 10.34–24.81]). Conclusion FiO2 180–240 min was highly predictive of CPAP‐F in preterm infants. With this model for surfactant administration/CPAP‐F, 11.2% of infants would have unnecessarily received treatment, but importantly, 27.7% would have been treated much earlier, with a potential reduction in air leaks and duration of mechanical ventilation.

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Background: Surfactant dosing and effective delivery could affect continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP)-failure. Nevertheless, information on exogenous surfactant dosing with current administration methods is limited.Objective: To describe the effect of 100 or 200 mg/kg of surfactant as first-line treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants of less than 32 weeks gestation.Study Design: A retrospective single-center cohort study comparing two epochs, before and after switching from 100 to 200 mg/kg surfactant therapy.Results: Six hundred and fifty-eight of the 1615 infants of less than 32 weeks were treated with surfactant: 282 received 100 mg/kg (S-100) and 376 received 200 mg/ kg (S-200). There were no differences between S-100 and S-200 in perinatal data including prenatal corticosteroids, medication use, age at first surfactant administration and respiratory severity before surfactant.The S-200 vs. S-100 had fewer retreatments (17.0% vs. 47.2%, p < 0.001) and a shorter duration of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation (315 vs. 339 h, p = 0.018; 37 vs. 118 h, p = 0.000, respectively). There was no difference in postnatal corticosteroid use (S-200 10.0% vs. S-100 11.0%, p = 0.361). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was significantly lower in S-200 vs. S-100 when comparing either the 4 and 6-year periods before and after the dose switch (29.4% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.003, and 18.7% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.024, respectively) Conclusions: The switch from 100 to 200 mg/kg was associated with a marked reduction in the need for surfactant redosing, respiratory support, and BPD. This