Brožek M., Nováková A., Kolářová M., 2012. Quality evaluation of briquettes made from wood waste. Res. Agr. Eng., At logging and at the subsequent wood and wood semi-products treatment the fine grained loose waste arises, e.g. wood dust, saw dust, shavings, chips, bark etc. One of possibilities of its meaningful utilization is the briquetting technology, products of which are briquettes determined for energetic utilization (combustion). In the paper the experimental results are published. The briquettes quality evaluation was their aim. For the briquetting tests bark (pine), shavings (about 90% spruce + 10% pine), sawdust (spruce), birch chips and poplar chips were used. The basic physical-mechanical properties were the evaluation criteria. Following properties were determined: gross calorific value, total moisture content, density, rupture force, length, diameter, density and mechanical durability.Keywords: briquetting; density; rupture force; mechanical durabilityThe more comfortable human life is paid by excessive energy increase in all its forms. The reserves of not renewable energy sources (coal, crude oil, natural gas) are not limitless, they gradually get exhausted and their price continually increases. Nevertheless they cover about four fifth of the energy consumption.In last decades the renewable energy sources are preferred, e.g. wind energy, water energy, solar energy and biomass energy. The effort results of more extensive utilization of the wind energy and solar energy are not conclusive in the conditions of the Czech Republic. But the utilization of the biomass energy appears as the perspective. Compared with other countries we are still lagging behind. According to various published information in the Czech Republic only a few per cent of consumed energy is produced from biomass. At the some time in some countries even tens per cent are produced. There are several causes of this fact -from the potential user's small knowledge of the biomass utilization advantages to the not quite sufficient subsidy policy in this field
A series of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used to research the ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterise ceramic materials and glazes used over two centuries. Attention was also paid to the identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of the ceramic artefacts and the environment of the waste pits from which they were excavated. The archaeological finds include three technical ceramic vessels (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar), which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a rare finding, they were subjected to a detailed investigation. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three technical ceramic vessels were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses determined that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with a high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from the 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all the glazes were mediumor high-lead content glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.
A series of scientific methods (X-ray analyses, optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analyses) was used to research the ceramic bodies and glazes of forty vessels from Renaissance Prague. The set of Early Modern Age archaeological glazed ceramics contained tableware, kitchenware and technical ceramics. The main aim was to characterise ceramic materials and glazes used over two centuries. Attention was also paid to the identification of defects and corrosion products of the glazes. The research was conducted with an emphasis on the context of the original use of the ceramic artefacts and the environment of the waste pits from which they were excavated. The archaeological finds include three technical ceramic vessels (a rectifier, a bowl and a jar), which together could have formed a distillation apparatus. Since these vessels represent a rare finding, they were subjected to a detailed investigation. Based on the similarity of ceramic bodies and glazes, it was proved that the three technical ceramic vessels were made in the same workshop and were parts of one distillation apparatus. The results of the performed analyses determined that the studied vessels were manufactured from raw materials with a high content of a plastic component and that the raw materials did not change significantly during the period from the 15th to 18th centuries. The firing temperature of most of the vessels did not exceed 1000 °C. It was proved that all the glazes were medium- or high-lead content glazes and were coloured with ionic pigments.
SynopsisThe effects of barium, lead and calcium cyanourate on the properties of poly(viny1 chloride) and its compositions were investigated. In concentrations up to 2 vol. % they decreased the Tg and T, of the polymer. Physical and mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness) are improved. The thermostability (dynamic and static) increases with increasing concentration.
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