We report a new, to our knowledge, technique for encoding amplitude information onto a phase-only filter with a single liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. In our approach we spatially modulate the phase that is encoded onto the filter and, consequently, spatially modify the diffraction efficiency of the filter. Light that is not diffracted into the first order is sent into the zero order, effectively allowing for amplitude modulation of either the first-order or the zero-order diffracted light. This technique has several applications in both optical pattern recognition and image processing, including amplitude modulation and inverse filters. Experimental results are included for the new technique.

Abstract:In this paper we characterize the polarimetric properties of a liquid crystal on silicon display (LCoS), including depolarization and diattenuation which are usually not considered when applying the LCoS in diffractive or adaptive optics. On one hand, we have found that the LCoS generates a certain degree (that can be larger than a 10%) of depolarized light, which depends on the addressed gray level and on the incident state of polarization (SOP), and can not be ignored in the above mentioned applications. The main origin of the depolarized light is related with temporal fluctuations of the SOP of the light reflected by the LCoS. The Mueller matrix of the LCoS is measured as a function of the gray level, which enables for a numerical optimization of the intensity modulation configurations. In particular we look for maximum intensity contrast modulation or for constant intensity modulation. By means of a heuristic approach we show that, using elliptically polarized light, amplitude-mostly or phase-mostly modulation can be obtained at a wavelength of 633 nm. References and links 1.H.-K. Liu, J. A. Davis and R. A. Lilly, "Optical-data-processing properties of a liquid-crystal television spatial light modulator," Opt. Lett. 10, 635-637 (1985

Abstract:In this paper we provide evidence of the temporal fluctuations of the phase modulation property of a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display, and we analyze its effect when the device is used for displaying a diffractive optical element. We use a commercial twisted nematic LCoS display configured to produce a phase-only modulation, and we provide time resolved measurements of the diffraction efficiency that show rapid fluctuations of the phase modulation, in the millisecond order. We analyze how these fluctuations have to be considered in two typical methods for the characterization of the phase modulation: two beam interference and diffraction from a binary grating. We finally provide experimental results on the use of this device for displaying a computer generated hologram. A reduction of the modulation diffraction efficiency results from the phase modulation fluctuation. Opt. Eng. 29, 240-246 (1990

We present an analysis of the diffraction efficiency of diffractive lenses displayed on spatial light modulators that depends on the modulation response of the display. An ideal display would produce continuous phase-only modulation, reaching a maximum phase-modulation depth of 2pi. We introduce the concept of modulation diffraction efficiency that accounts for the effect of nonlinearities only in the phase modulation of the display. We review a diffractive model with which to evaluate this modulation efficiency, including modulation defects such as nonlinear phase modulation, coupled amplitude modulation, phase quantization, and a limited modulation depth. We apply this diffractive model to Fresnel lenses and show that these modulation defects produce a lens multiplex effect. Finally we demonstrate that the application of a minimum Euclidean projection principle leads to high modulation diffraction efficiency even if the phase-modulation depth is much less than 2pi. We demonstrate that the modulation efficiency can exceed 90% for a modulation depth of 1.4pi and can exceed 40% (the equivalent for a binary phase element) for a modulation depth of only 0.7pi. Experimental results from use of a twisted nematic liquid-crystal display are presented to confirm these conclusions.

Abstract:In this paper we experimentally analyze the performance of a twisted nematic liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display as a function of the angle of incidence of the incoming beam. These are reflective displays that can be configured to produce amplitude or phase modulation by properly aligning external polarization elements. But we demonstrate that the incident angle plays an important role in the selection of the polarization configuration. We performed a Mueller matrix polarimetric analysis of the display that demonstrates that the recently reported depolarization effect observed in this type of displays is also dependant on the incident angle.

We show that both a lens and a nonuniform amplitude transmission filter can be encoded simultaneously onto a twisted nematic liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) working in the phase-only mode. The inherent equivalent apodization that is due to the pixelated structure of the SLM is compensated for. In addition, different types of nonuniform transmission pupil such as transverse apodizing, transverse hyperresolving, and axial hyperresolving (multifocusing) filters are implemented. The excellent agreement between numerical and experimental results shows the capability of this method to encode amplitude apodizers on a phase-only SLM.

We study the modulation of programmable birefringent devices when they are illuminated by elliptically polarized light. We apply the theory to liquid-crystal display panels (LCDs). We consider the setups at the input and the output sides of the LCD as polarization-state generators (PSGs) or detectors (PSDs). We demonstrate that once the programmable birefringent device is described by a physical model, the amplitude and phase modulation depend only on the polarization state at the input of the device and on the output state detected behind it. This permits optimization of the modulation response only in terms of the input and the output states and the physical model of the device. The procedure to find the PSG and PSD configurations is detailed by using a geometrical interpretation of the states and the plates on the Poincaré sphere.

No abstract