Sampling of agricultural soils from the Mexican northeastern region was performed to
detect Trichoderma spp., genetically characterize it, and assess its
potential use as a biologic control agent against Macrophomina
phaseolina. M. phaseolina is a phytopathogen that
attacks over 500 species of cultivated plants and causes heavy losses in the regional
sorghum crop. Sampling was performed immediately after sorghum or corn harvest in an
area that was approximately 170 km from the Mexico-USA border. Sixteen isolates were
obtained in total. Using colony morphology and sequencing the internal transcribed
spacers (ITS) 1 and 4 of 18S rDNA, 14 strains were identified as Trichoderma
harzianum, T. koningiopsis and T.
virens. Subsequently, their antagonistic activity against M.
phaseolina was evaluated in vitro, and 11 isolates
showed antagonism by competition and stopped M. phaseolina growth.
In 4 of these isolates, the antibiosis phenomenon was observed through the formation
of an intermediate band without growth between colonies. One strain, HTE808, was
identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis and grew rapidly; when it
came into contact with the M. phaseolina colony, it continued to
grow and sporulated until it covered the entire petri dish. Microscopic examination
confirmed that it has a high level of hyperparasitism and is thus considered to have
high potential for use in the control of this phytopathogen.
a finite number of agents utilizing a velocity alignment interaction and a Lennard-Jones potential, which provides both cohesive and repulsive interactions between neighboring agents. In the swarming regime of our model, an agent is selected at random to ''escape'' the flock, by choosing a particular direction to travel in, and no longer align with it's neighbors. We found that close to the swarming transition the escapee was unable to escape, while deeper in the swarming regime the swarm was more stable and the particle was able to escape with little effect on the rest of the swarm. Our research sheds light on the varied responses of swarms to internal dissent and suggests optimal strategies to escape or reorient swarms that exploit these responses.
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