Numerous studies have tried to identify the set of skills and knowledge that are the basis for the development of literacy as phonological awareness, orthographic awareness and RAN. Since learning of literacy has its onset between 3 and 6 years, which is the maximum period of brain plasticity, it is clear the need to relate certain brain functions with the early onset of the skills that are the basis of its learning. Thus, the main objective of this work is the detection of neuropsychological functions that allow proper development of all those skills. Participants were 119 students who have been assessed twice, when 4 and 5 years old. The instruments used were the BIL, the Rapid Automatized Naming and CUMANIN. Results indicate that at 4 years all neuropsychological variables that were examined showed a positive correlation with the alphabetically knowledge presented by children. Moreover, in this age has also been relevant the role of spatial structure and visual perception in acquiring the ability to recognize and name as quickly as possible a
Although the relation between Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Reading is clear, there is no a standardized test to measure the speed of naming in early literacy. The aim is to explore and confirm the factorial structure of the RAN test developed by Wolf and Denkla (2003) in children. RAN test was administred to 442 children aged 4-5 years. Results highlighted two factors: a "nonalphanumeric components" factor which includes "RAN colors" and "RAN images" and an "alphanumeric components" factor which collects "RAN letters" and " RAN numbers". Moreover, results highlighted a gradual shift of weight that each component of the test has in the two analyzed years and a consequent reduction in the discrimination ability of the test. In conclusion, this study not only allows to analyze the structure of the instrument "RAN", but also describes how the speed of naming works over the early literacy.
El estudio de los factores que influyen en la adquisición de la lectura facilita la detección temprana de las dificultades del aprendizaje lector. Destacan como habilidades predictoras: el conocimiento fonológico, el conocimiento alfabético y la velocidad de denominación. Todas ellas se adquieren a lo largo de la escolaridad pero no tienen el mismo grado de implicación en las distintas fases del aprendizaje lector. Esto parece depender, en parte, del método de enseñanza de la lectura utilizado. Los objetivos de este estudio han sido identificar y analizar las habilidades implicadas en el inicio de la lectoescritura en Educación Infantil que predicen el nivel de comprensión lectora en Educación Primaria, y conocer el peso diferencial que la conciencia fonológica, la velocidad de nombramiento y otras habilidades implicadas en el proceso lector tienen durante los primeros años de instrucción en función del método empleado. Para ello se realizó un estudio longitudinal en el que participaron 130 alumnos de colegios de Valencia y Castellón. El 52% fue iniciado con un método fonológico-sintético y el 48% con un método global. Se tomaron medidas en 2º de Educación Infantil, 3º de Educación Infantil y 1º de Educación Primaria. Se utilizó el test RAN para medir la velocidad de nombramiento, la Batería BIL de Inicio a la Lectura y el Test de Comprensión Lectora ACL. El modelo de ecuación estructural ha mostrado que en ambos métodos la velocidad de nombramiento a los 4 años tiene un efecto significativo en las variables relacionadas con el inicio de la lectura, evaluadas a los 5 años, las cuales a su vez influirían en la comprensión lectora de dichos niños a los 6 años. Esto indica que la velocidad de nombramiento constituye el cimiento del proceso de codificación fonológica sobre el que se asienta el proceso lector.
Because of a lack of research examining early learning skills involved in writing and, above all, the lack of tests evaluating it, the main objective of this work is the validation in the spanish context of SHELL's subscales related to emergent writing skills. Participants were 119 students from the provinces of Castellón and Valencia, who have been evaluated when 4 years old. The administered instrument was a spanish version of the subtests related to early writing of SHELL scale in which the child has to choose between some letters, the one he needs to write some words (his/her name, "sea", "sun", "whistle" and "sun"). Results of the exploratory factor analysis allow to identify two factors which differ in frequency of occurrence and complexity of words and letters that compose them. So, in the "high exposure" factor saturate more frequent and simple words and in the "low exposure" factor we can find less common words and letters whose learning is delayed because of their complexity component. Furthermore, analysis of the reliability of the test has highlighted a general Cronbach Alpha test of .72 (with oscillations between .56 and .97 in the different items). Therefore, we conclude not only that the scale has a good internal consistency, but also that it is possible to consider the spanish adaptation developed, as a reliable and robust assessment of the writing emergent skills.
The domain of multiplication and division operations depends on both algorithm management and the ability to identify the semantic structure of the problem and to translate it into mathematical language. Many students present difficulties in identifying the semantic structure of the problem but not applying the algorithm when the problem is presented numericaly. The aim of the study is to validate an assessment tool of the processes involved in multiplication and division problems solving in order to identify the causes of mistakes. The administration to 368 ten-to-twelve yearsold children highlighted a three-factor structure of the test: a factor composed of tasks that require just the domain of the algorithm, a second one that demand the identification of the operation, and a third one requiring both processes. The reliability of the instrument has been satisfactory and a qualitative analysis of the responses to the error detection and correction is proposed.
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