Students should graduate from medical school feeling prepared to prescribe antibiotics responsibly. We assessed self-reported preparedness among students at medical schools in Europe, and we focus here on the results from students in Sweden and France, countries with wide differences in the intensity of antibiotic consumption and burden of antibiotic resistance. We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey in 2015, based on a comprehensive set of topics related to prudent antibiotic use. All final year students at a medical school in France or Sweden were eligible to participate. Preparedness scores were calculated for each student, and mean scores were compared at medical school and country levels. Comparisons were also made on availability of teaching methods. We received responses from 2085/7653 (response rate 27.2%) students from 31/34 eligible medical schools in France and 302/1124 (26.9%) students from 7/7 schools in Sweden. The relative ranking order of curriculum topics by preparedness level was consistent between countries, but students in Sweden had higher self-reported levels of preparedness in 21/27 topics. There was higher availability for eight of nine teaching methods at Swedish medical schools. Students in France were more likely to report a need for further education on antibiotic use (63.5% vs. 20.3%, p < 0.001). Final year students in France report lower levels of preparedness, less availability of teaching methods and higher needs for more education on antibiotic use. Furthermore, we have identified specific areas for improvement in education on prudent antibiotic use in both Sweden and France.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10096-019-03494-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Resumen-El presente trabajo aborda un informe estadístico centrado en caracterizar el rendimiento académico de alumnos universitarios, a partir de la determinación de variables asociadas, aplicando técnicas estadísticas del Análisis Multivariado. Los análisis efectuados se basan en datos provenientes de una encuesta realizada en el año 2015, a los alumnos de la Facultad de

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The most recent concepts on software quality take into account the factors of product quality, process quality and the satisfaction level of users. Therefore, when putting forth a plan for improving a software product, special attention should be paid as to incorporate the level of users' satisfaction into the development premises. On this latter respect, well-designed surveys have proven to be a valuable tool to obtain and measure satisfaction variables. The survey-based strategies, however, present a drawback on the fact that the tasks involved in questionnaire generation are difficult to automate, which renders the entire approach almost impracticable. This work presents a proposal for automating the various stages defined in questionnaire generation, with the aim at making the measurement method be both applicable and more practical.

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