OBJETIVO; Investigar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos relativos à saúde, bem como os fatores ligados às atividades sociais e à avaliação subjetiva da saúde sobre a capacidade funcional dos idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, integrante de estudo multicêntrico, em amostra representativa do município de São Paulo, realizado em 1989. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada através da escala de atividades da vida diária pessoal e instrumental e investigada como variável dicotômica: ausência de dependência - incapacidade/dificuldade em nenhuma das atividades versus presença de dependência moderada/grave - incapacidade/dificuldade em 4 ou mais atividades. Análise de regressão logística múltipla foi aplicada aos fatores hierarquicamente agrupados. RESULTADOS: As características que se associaram com a dependência moderada/grave foram analfabetismo, ser aposentado, ser pensionista, ser dona de casa, não ser proprietário da moradia, ter mais de 65 anos, ter composição familiar multigeracional, ter sido internado nos últimos 6 meses, ser "caso" no rastreamento de saúde mental, não visitar amigos, ter problemas de visão, ter história de derrame, não visitar parentes e ter avaliação pessimista da saúde ao se comparar com seus pares. CONCLUSÕES: As características identificadas que se associaram à dependência moderada/grave sugerem uma complexa rede causal do declínio da capacidade funcional. Pode-se supor, entretanto, que ações preventivas especificamente voltadas para certos fatores podem propiciar benefícios para o prolongamento do bem estar da população idosa.

Objective: To describe secular trends in obesity in various settings and socio-economic groups of the adult population of Brazil. Methods: Trend analysis of the prevalence of obesity in adults aged over 20 y (body mass index 30.0 kgam 2 ) applied to anthropometric and socio-economic data collected by three comparable household surveys undertaken in the two most populated Brazilian regions in 1975 (n 95,062), 1989 (n 15,585) and 1997 (n 10,680). Results: While previous trends (1975 ± 1989) showed increasing obesity prevalence for all population groups except for men in rural areas, recent trends (1989 ± 1997) have pointed to a much more complex picture where increases in obesity tend to be more intense in men than in women, in rural than in urban settings and in poorer than in richer families. Particularly notable was the fact that, in the recent period, obesity was actually reduced for women belonging to the upper income groups, especially in urban settings. Conclusion: Earlier obesity trends in Brazil entirely agree with what has been described for both developed and developing countries where reliable secular trend information exists, but the 1989 ± 1997 trend of a substantial reduction in the prevalence of obesity among upper income urban women (12.8 ± 9.2%, or a 28% reduction), is unique in a developing country and, indeed, up to now has only been detected in Scandinavian populations. It is speculated that this declining obesity trend may be a result of an intense mass media work focused on combating a sedentary life style and promoting better food habits.

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OBJECTIVE:To describe the evolution of prevalence of under-nutrition among Brazilian underfi ves between 1996 and 2007, and to identify major factors responsible for this evolution. METHODS:Data analyzed are from two Demographic Health Surveys carried out in Brazil in 1996 and 2006/7 based on probabilistic samples of roughly 4 thousand children under fi ve years of age. Identifi cation of factors responsible for temporal variation in prevalence of under-nutrition (height-for-age below -2 Z-scores; WHO 2006 standard) took into account changes in the distribution of four potential determinants of nutritional status. Statistical modeling of the independent association between these determinants and risk of under-nutrition, and calculation of "partial attributable fractions" were used to determine the relative importance of each factor in the evolution of infant under-nutrition. RESULTS:Prevalence of under-nutrition fell by approximately 50%, from 13.5% (95%CI: 12.1%; 14.8%) in 1996 to 6.8% (5.4%; 8.3%) in 2006/7. Twothirds of this reduction could be attributed to favorable evolution in the four factors studied: 25.7% to increased maternal schooling; 21.7% to increased purchasing power of families; 11.6% to expansion of healthcare; and 4.3%to improvements in sanitation. CONCLUSIONS:The 6.3% annual rate of decline in the proportion of children with height-for-age defi cits indicates that, in another ten years, child malnutrition in Brazil may no longer be a public health issue. Achieving this will depend on the maintenance of economic and social policies that have favored an increase in purchasing power among the poor, and on public investments aimed at completing the universalization of access to essential services such as education, health, and sanitation among the Brazilian population.

The objective of the study was to test the association between gestational weight gain, reproductive factors, and postpartum weight retention based on a cohort conducted with 405 women aged 18-45 y with follow-up waves at 0.5, 2, 6, and 9 mo postpartum. The outcome variable, postpartum weight retention, was calculated as the difference between the measured weight at each visit minus the prepregnancy weight. We estimated the statistical associations between the outcome variable and potential explanatory covariates of interest by fitting a longitudinal mixed-effects model. Women with gestational weight gain above the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) retained significantly more weight than women with weight gain within or below the recommendations, independently of prepregnancy BMI [weight (kg)/height (m(2))] or body fat at baseline. Women with the highest gestational weight gain and with body fat >/=30 g/100 g at baseline had the highest likelihood of developing maternal obesity. The final longitudinal model showed that 35% of each kilogram of weight gained during pregnancy was retained 9 mo postpartum, even after adjustment for age, prepregnancy BMI, body fat at baseline, and years since first parturition. Each unit of increase in prepregnancy BMI was associated with a decrease of -0.51 kg in postpartum weight retention. In conclusion, gestational weight gain was one of the most important predictors for postpartum weight retention and must be monitored systematically with the aim of preventing postpartum obesity and the diseases that follow.

OBJETIVO: Resgatar a tendência secular da distribuição do peso ao nascer na cidade de São Paulo, SP, bem como examinar suas possíveis causas, com base em dados coletados por dois inquéritos domiciliares sobre condições de saúde na infância realizados em 1984/85 e em 1995/96, complementados por informações procedentes de levantamento de prontuários de maternidades e por informações do Sistema Estadual de Declarações de Nascidos Vivos. MÉTODOS: Os inquéritos domiciliares estudaram amostras probabilísticas da população infantil de São Paulo com idade inferior a cinco anos (n=1.016 em 1984/85; n=1.280 em 1995/96). O levantamento de prontuários estudou uma amostra probabilística dos partos ocorridos nas maternidades da cidade no ano de 1976 (n=5.734). As declarações de nascidos vivos referem-se às coortes de crianças nascidas na cidade entre 1993 e 1998 (cerca de 200 mil crianças por ano). O estudo da distribuição social do peso ao nascer levou em conta a renda familiar per capita e a escolaridade materna. A estratégia analítica para estudar os determinantes da tendência secular do peso ao nascer empregou modelos hierárquicos de causalidade, análises multivariadas de regressão e procedimentos análogos aos utilizados para calcular riscos atribuíveis populacionais. RESULTADOS/CONCLUSÕES: A distribuição do peso ao nascer na cidade de São Paulo (média de 3.160 g com 8,9% de pesos <2.500 g) é inferior àquela esperada quando são ótimas as condições do crescimento fetal (média de 3.400-3.500 g com cerca de 4-5% de pesos <2.500 g). Essa distribuição pouco se modificou nos últimos 22 anos (1976-1998). Entretanto, no período, há evidências de evolução desigual do peso ao nascer segundo o nível socioeconômico (NSE) da população. Nos estratos de baixo NSE, a evolução tem sido favorável e isso se deve, aparentemente, ao melhor desempenho do crescimento intra-uterino, o qual poderia decorrer de melhorias em condições econômicas, no peso e na altura das gestantes, na assistência pré-natal e, possivelmente, do declínio no hábito de fumar. Nos estratos de alto NSE, a evolução do peso ao nascer tem sido desfavorável devido, aparentemente, ao aumento na freqüência de recém-nascidos prematuros, tendência provocada por fatores ainda não conhecidos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of self-reported weight and height at the time of diagnosing obesity, and to identify the sociodemographic and individual characteristics that might be a source of information bias. METHODS:This was a cross-sectional population-based study carried out in the city of Goiânia in 2001. Interviews were conducted with 1,023 individuals aged 20-64 years, in their homes, to collect sociodemographic and self-reported weight and height information. On the same occasion, weight and height measurements were made on these individuals. The mean differences and correlation coefficients between self-reported and measured data were calculated according to age, body mass index (BMI), schooling, income and height. RESULTS:Both the men and women overestimated their heights (p<0.05), by 0.9 cm and 2.2 cm, respectively. There was no difference between self-reported and measured weights, either for the men (-0.44 kg; p=0.06) or for the women (-0.03 kg; p>0.05). The behavior of overestimating height was influenced by age, schooling, height and body mass index. Although this index obtained from the self-reported data was underestimated (p<0.05), by 0.27 kg/m 2 and 0.67 kg/m 2 for men and women respectively, the measured and self-reported data presented a high degree of agreement. Both the sensitivity and specificity of the self-reported body mass index were high, in relation to identifying the measured index. CONCLUSIONS:In epidemiological studies for monitoring the prevalence of excess weight in populations, self-reported weights and heights constitute reliable data, which gives validity to the methodology utilized.

These results support the hypothesis of an association between breastfeeding and postpartum weight retention and suggest that encouraging prolonged breastfeeding might contribute to decreases in postpartum weight retention.