In line with cross-linguistic research aiming at identifying criterial features that discriminate the CEFR proficiency levels, the present study investigates language elements that are core characteristics of each proficiency level for Greek L2. It is based on a graded corpus of 150 written narratives produced by young L2 learners (aged 8-14) at levels A2 to B2. This corpus was annotated with respect to a set of features at both the sentence and discourse level, such as clause subordination, connectives, modifiers and grammatical accuracy. Statistical analysis identified certain aspects of these features that discriminate language proficiency levels in L2 Greek narratives and are put forward as criterial features. These include the frequency of dependent and centre-embedded clauses, the gradual decrease of additive and the emergence of contrastive and inferential connectives, the felicitous use of clitics, as well as the use of evaluative adverbs and adjectives.
This chapter presents the concept of Digital Language Equality (DLE) that was at the heart of the European Language Equality (ELE) initiative, and describes the DLE Metric, which includes technological factors (TFs) and contextual factors (CFs): the former concern the availability of Language Resources and Technologies (LRTs) for the languages of Europe, based on the data included in the European Language Grid (ELG) catalogue, while the latter reflect the broader socio-economic contexts and ecosystems of the languages, as these determine the potential for LRT development. The chapter discusses related work, presents the DLE definition and describes how it was implemented through the DLE Metric, explaining how the TFs and CFs were quantified. The resulting scores of the DLE Metric for Europe’s languages can be visualised and compared through the interactive DLE dashboard, to monitor the progress towards DLE in Europe.
One of the objectives of the European Language Grid is to help overcome the fragmentation of the European Language Technology community by bringing together language resources and technologies, information about them, Language Technology consumers, providers and the wider public. This chapter describes the mechanisms ELG has put in place to build interoperable bridges to related initiatives, infrastructures, platforms and repositories in the wider Language Technology landscape. We focus on the different approaches implemented for the exchange of metadata records about, in a generic sense, resources and exemplify them with the help of four use cases through which the ELG catalogue has been further populated. The chapter presents the protocols used for the population processes as well as the adaptations of the ELG metadata schema and platform policies that proved necessary to be able to ingest these new records.
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