To conduct a systematic review examining the associations between neighborhood environments and self-rated health (SRH) and health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in the urban context of Latin America. We conducted a structured search of quantitative studies in three bibliographic databases published in Spanish, English, Portuguese and French from January 1990 to December 2015. We restricted the search to studies conducted in Latin-American cities with one million and more inhabitants. Eleven studies were finally included in the analysis. Ten were cross-sectional studies and one was a cohort follow-up study. Two studies found positive associations between accessibility to parks and HR-QOL. One study found that high neighborhood social capital was positively associated with SRH. Neighborhood socioeconomic status was positively associated with both HR-QOL and SRH in two studies. A walkable neighborhood was positively associated with SRH in two studies. Three studies included attributes related with neighborhood security perception and road safety, with higher scores of HR-QOL, both in the physical and mental dimensions, while high levels of street noise were negatively associated. Narrowness and slope of streets were negatively associated with SRH. No association was found between the perception of neighborhood security and SRH. The results of this systematic review show that several studies conducted in Latin America have found significant associations between neighborhood environment and SRH and HRQOL. However, the relatively small number of studies and the heterogeneity among them require further studies to better understand this topic in the region.
El estudio analiza el fenómeno de la movilidad estudiantil a nivel de educación básica en relación con las características del contexto social y educativo de Lima Metropolitana. Para ello, se analizan las trayectorias educativas de dieciocho jóvenes de Carabayllo —–hombres y mujeres de entre dieciocho a veintitrés años— que experimentaron de dos a nueve traslados durante su paso por la escuela. En este artículo, nos enfocamos en tres tipos de traslado: los que son resultado de estrategias educativas, los que surgen como reacción a un estado de saturación por las condiciones insatisfactorias de la escuela a la que se asiste, y aquellos que se dan de escuelas privadas a públicas por dificultades económicas para sostener el pago de las pensiones, tipo particular del caso peruano. El estudio sugiere que las características de un contexto de segregación espacial y educativa, de acelerado crecimiento de la oferta de escuelas privadas de bajo costo y calidad heterogénea, y de aparente libre elección, ha generado como consecuencia no deseada que las familias con menores recursos económicos se muevan entre una serie de opciones que no siempre significarán la mejora educativa que anhelan. Esta situación podría perjudicar sus trayectorias educativas y las llevaría a moverse de una decepción a otra.
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