This regional synthesis addresses a major gap in knowledge about the effects of COVID-19 on agriculture and food across Asia • Key informants from 20 Asian countries assessed early direct and indirect effects on each of four major regional farming and food systems • The analysis showed Asian farming and food systems were moderately resilient to the pandemic, especially the hill mixed system • System resilience, food and labour markets, and farm and food chain economic benefits are key priorities for recovery policies and programmes • This study highlights COVID-19 effects and informs recovery policies and precautionary strategies against future pandemics in Asia and globally
Vietnam is one of the major rice-producing countries in Asia, and since 1989 it has been a rice-exporting country. However, poor rice-farming households that depend primarily upon their own labor for farming face signifi cant constraints on production that push members to migrate. Out-migration could have effects on agricultural production and household welfare. This study was conducted to draw correlations across migration, livelihoods, farming outcomes, and gender roles to derive gender-responsive policy recommendations for action in rice-producing villages of the Mekong Delta in the south and Red River Delta in the north. Results revealed that labor out-migration was highest in the rainfed villages in the south where the poor are located. Remittances comprised signifi cant proportions of total household income, often more important than rice income, as was the case in the north. The Acknowledgments: This research project was funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Australia, and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. We would like to thank Mr Donald Villanueva for assisting in data analysis of this study as well as the hundreds of women and men farmers who provided the information for this study. at East Tennessee State University on May 26, 2015 gtd.sagepub.com Downloaded from 170 Thelma R. Paris et al. Gender, Technology and Development 13(2), 2009: 169-198 effects of out-migration on family members left behind, particularly women, depend on the characteristics of the migrant, the duration of absence of the migrant, use of remittances, and women's access to productive resources. The fi ndings of this study have far-reaching implications for gender-responsive research and extension programs dealing with ricebased farming systems in Vietnam and other Asian countries that face labor shortages due to out-migration from rural areas.
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