Background: Nasal polyposis (NP) often coexists with asthma, rhinitis and sinusitis. Polyp histology typically shows chronic, eosinophilic inflammation. The inflammatory cell infiltrate generally includes eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and mast cells. Objective: To gain insight into the natural history of NP, we analysed mediator levels and leukocyte values in nasal fluids and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), total IgE levels and eosinophils in the blood in several groups of both allergic and non-allergic patients with nasal polyps and in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: Thirty-two patients with nasal polyps entered the study. As a control group, we studied 55 patients with AR, i.e. 20 patients with seasonal AR to grass pollen, 24 with AR sensitive to Parietaria and 11 with AR sensitive to house dust mite (HDM). Eighteen patients with nasal polyps were also allergic patients (8 were sensitive to Parietaria and 10 were sensitive to HDM), whereas 14 were non-allergic patients. Tryptase and histamine values were assayed in nasal fluids, whereas total IgE was determined in serum. ECP values were assayed both in nasal fluids and serum. Eosinophils were quantified both in the blood and nasal fluids. Results: Tryptase levels were significantly higher in the nasal lavages from patients with NP than in those from patients without NP (4.7 vs. 3.5 U/l, p < 0.001) and correlated with symptom scores (r_s = 0.42, p < 0.0001). The median levels of histamine in nasal fluids from patients with NP were also significantly higher than those observed in patients without NP (50.0 vs. 21.3 ng/ml, p < 0.001), but did not correlate with symptom scores. Finally, the median levels of ECP in nasal fluids from patients with NP were significantly higher than those observed in patients without NP (38.1 vs. 16.1 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and correlated with symptom scores (r_s = 0.38, p < 0.001). Analysis of variance showed that, among the variables studied, the presence of nasal polyps was the factor responsible for the higher levels of tryptase, histamine and ECP in nasal fluids. With regard to leukocyte counts in nasal fluids, no significant differences were observed between rhinitis patients with NP and those without NP. With regard to serum ECP and serum total IgE, no significant differences were detected between the two groups under study. Blood eosinophil levels in patients with NP were significantly higher than those observed in patients without NP (5.8 vs. 5.6, p = 0.002). Analysis of variance showed that both the presence of nasal polyps and the type of sensitisation were important. Considering the total symptom scores, no significant differences were observed between rhinitis patients with NP and those without NP. Conclusions: The present findings are consistent with the view that chronic eosinophil mucosal inflammatory disease in NP involves a self-sustaining mechanism, i.e. local release of inflammatory mediators, independent of allergen stimulation of nasal mucosa. Increased release of inflammat...

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In [1], an incorrect version of Table 2 was published on page 264. The correct table is displayed below.

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SummaryBackground Corticosteroids are considered to be particularly effective in reducing nasal congestion and are therefore recommended as first-line treatment in allergic rhinitis patients with moderate to severe and/or persistent symptoms.Objective We compared the clinical efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS) 200 mg given once daily, administered in mono-therapy or combined therapy with a H 1 receptor antagonist (cetirizine, CTZ) or with a leukotriene antagonist (montelukast, MSK), and the combined therapy of CTZ plus MSK in the treatment of patients affected by allergic rhinitis to Parietaria during natural pollen exposure. In addition, we examined the effect of the treatment on eosinophil counts and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in nasal lavage performed at beginning of season, during season and at the end of the season. Methods One hundred patients aged 12-50 years (mean AE SD 31.8 AE 9.6) with a history of moderate to severe Parietaria pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis were selected. A randomized, double-blind, double dummy, placebo (PLA)-controlled, parallel-group study design was used. Results All treatments showed significant differences (Po0.001) compared with PLA in terms of total symptom, rhinorrhea, sneezing and nasal itching scores. Concerning nasal congestion on waking and daily only the groups treated with FPANS in mono-therapy or in combined therapy showed significant differences compared with PLA. Comparing the group treated with FPANS alone and the groups treated with FPANS plus CTZ, we found significant differences for total symptom score (P 5 0.04) and for nasal itching (P 5 0.003). The comparison between FPANS plus CTZ and FPANS plus MSK showed significant difference for nasal itching (P 5 0.003). Finally, there were significant differences between the group treated with FPANS and the group treated with CTZ plus MSK for total symptom score (P 5 0.009), for nasal congestion on waking (Po0.001) and nasal congestion daily (Po0.001). Also the comparisons between the group treated with FPANS plus CTZ and the group treated with CTZ plus MSK demonstrated significant differences (Po0.001) for total symptom, for nasal congestion on waking and for nasal congestion on daily, for rhinorrhea (P 5 0.04) and for nasal itching (P 5 0.003) scores. Concerning the comparison between the group treated with FPANS plus MSK and the group treated with CTZ plus MSK we found significant differences for total symptom score (P 5 0.005), for nasal congestion on waking (Po0.001) and for nasal congestion on daily (Po0.001). No other differences were observed between the groups. Concerning blood eosinophil counts, significant differences were found between the treatments with FPANS in mono-therapy or in combined therapy with PLA group during and at the end of the season (P 5 0.0003 and Po0.0001, respectively). Concerning eosinophils and ECP in nasal lavage, all treatments showed significant differences (Po0.001) compared with PLA. Besides, there were significant differences (Po0.001)...

Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Parietaria is more important than Olea and Gramineae as a risk for developing non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. On the whole, present observations provide further evidence that there is an interrelationship of allergen kind, total serum IgE, eosinophil and bronchial hyperresponsiveness suggesting that they may play a role in the development of bronchial asthma in rhinitis patients.

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Tacrolimus ointment is a topical immunomodulator. Currently, there is available evidence regarding the potential use of topical tacrolimus in a range of dermatological disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment 0.1% for the nickel sulfate-induced steroid-resistant allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study design was performed in a total of 28 patients affected by nickel sulfate-induced steroid-resistant ACD after a 14-day run-in period. Then, the enrolled patients were randomized into two subgroups. Group A was treated with tacrolimus for 14 days and finally observed for a 7-day follow-up period. Group B, instead, was treated with placebo (vehicle). Four major symptoms (erythema, oozing, scaling, and itching) were considered as outcomes during the different phases of the study. In group A, during the treatment period with tacrolimus, a significant improvement was observed in all four considered symptoms. On the other hand, no improvement in symptoms was observed in the placebo-treated group B. Local adverse events in the tacrolimus-treated group, such as burning/itching at the application site, were transient and well tolerated. No patients withdrew because of burning/itching. In our study, tacrolimus ointment 0.1% appeared to be both effective and safe in the treatment of nickel sulfate-induced steroid-resistant ACD.