The acaricide activity of crude extracts of Penicillium funiculosum against Panonychus ulmi is investigated. Its activity is at least of the same order as commercial acaricide. It has an effect principally on larval and adult stages, causing a high mortality rate and a complete loss of fertility. Both ingestion and contact toxicity are found. Zusammenfassung Zur Wirkung eines Penicillium funiculosum‐Stammes auf Panonychus ulmi Koch (Acar., Tetranychidae) Es wurde die akarizide Wirkung eine Rohextrakts von Penicillium funiculosum Thom auf P. ulmi untersucht. Die Wirksamkeit dieses Extraktes ist vergleichbar mit jener von kommerziellen Akariziden. Das Penicillium‐Extrakt ist vor allem gegenüber Larven und Adulten wirksam, wobei eine hohe Mortalitätsrate und ein vollständiger Fertilitätsverlust erreicht wird. Es konnte sowohl die Wirkung als Kontakt‐ sowie auch als Fraßakarizid nachgewiesen werden.
The brain cell karyotype of New World sand fly Lutzomyia shannoni was described. This species has four pairs of chromosomes, 2N=8, with one pair of heteromorphic chromosomes.Key words: Lutzomyia shannoni -brain cell karyotype -heteromorphic chromosome Brain cell karyotypes of four Old World and eight New World sand flies were described and compared by Kreutzer et al. (1987Kreutzer et al. ( , 1988. Among the eight New World sand flies species, the chromosome number varies from 2N=6 in Lutzomyia trapidoi to 2N=8 in the following species:. spinicrassa, and L. longipalpis. Heteromorphic chromosomes were not observed in these species (Kreutzer et al. 1988). On the other hand, Yin et al. (1999) studied patterns of G-banding in mitotic karyotypes in populations of L. longipalpis and found ancestral patterns in the populations. This paper provides preliminary data of cytogenetic studies of New World sand fly L. shannoni.Fourth instar larvae were obtained from a L. shannoni colony maintained since 1992 in the Entomology Laboratory of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia, and originated from collections in the Lower Magdalena Valley. The techniques used for rearing the sand fly followed standard protocols in our laboratory. The larval diet was made with bovine manure and dog food; this mixture was stored for three months and stirred every two weeks. The females were fed on hamster blood (Ferro et al. 1998 Kreutzer et al. (1987). The larvae were placed in 0.1% colchicine for 4 h; then the heads of larvae were removed and placed in a 2% orcein stain for 10 min, 25 ml glacial acetic acid, and 25 ml 85% lactic acid. After staining, the heads were placed in a small drop of 50% acetic acid on a microscope slides. The contens of the head capsule were removed by pressure. Then the pieces of the head capsule were discarded and the small drop of stain was added. The cover slide was placed on the slide and the tissue was squashed in folded filter paper to absorb excess stain/acid. The slides were photographed with an Olympus microscope system at 1000X. Forty slides were examined, each containing from 3 to 12 karyotypes. The chromosomes were identified according to relative size and centromere position (Sessions 1996).As reported by Bello et al. (1997) the complement is eight chromosomes for L. shannoni (Fig. 1A). We observed several karyotypes with one pair, chromosome I, as heteromorphic (Fig. 1B) and probably an X and Y chromosome. Determination of the sex of the larvae was not possible before dissection. Chromosomes I, III and IV were metacentric, whereas chromosome II was submetacentric. This karyotype was similar to that of L. spinicrassa except that in this species the heteromorphic chromosome was not observed (Kreutzer et al. 1987).Only in Old World sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus has been reported with a pair of chromosome heteromorphic (Kreutzer et al. 1987). The pair of chromosome heteromorphic observed in L. shannoni and P. perniciosus suggest the presence of sex chomosomes in other species of the genera Lutzomyia an...
ResumenCon el propósito de obtener una línea celular de Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar) para estudios de susceptibilidad viral y mantenimiento de parásitos, se iniciaron cultivos celulares primarios de esta especie, vectora del virus de la estomatitis vesicular en los Estados Unidos y vectora sospechosa de leishmaniasis cutánea en las Américas. A partir de embriones y larvas neonatas del flebotomineo, se realizaron explantes de tejidos embrionarios en el medio MMIVP12, suplementado con 20% de suero fetal bovino y una mezcla de antibiótico y antimicótico, los cuales fueron incubados a una temperatura promedio de 2VC, sin atmósfera de CO,. El crecimiento celular comenzó en un periodo de 85 a 88 días después de efectuadas las siembras, mediante la presencia de vesículas compuestas de células epitelioides, flotando en el medio o adheridas a pequeños fragmentos de tejidos con células en división. Previa estimulación mecánica de los cultivos, se incrementó la proliferación celular a la semana siguiente de efectuado el procedimiento; sin embargo, el proceso mitótico de las células fue lento, similar al desarrollado con Lu. longipalpis, pero diferente a los cultivos celulares derivados de mosquitos. La formación de colonias individuales, dispersas en la superficie del frasco de cultivo, se observó a los 90 días de incubación, las cuales posteriormente evolucionaron a una monocapa semiconfluente. La morfología celular fue heterogénea con predominio de tipos epitelioides. Mediante la técnica de squash, se obtuvo el cariotipo de la especie, cuyo número diploide de cromosomas fue de 8 , derivados de tejidos cerebrales de larvas de IV estadio. SummaryTo obtain a Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar) cell line for viral susceptibility studies and parasite maintainance, primary cell cultures of this species were initiated. This species is a vector for vesicular stomatitis virus in the United States and a suspected vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas. Starting with embryos and phlebotominae neonate larvae, embryonic tissue explants in a MMIVP12 medium were carried out. After being supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum and an antibiotic and antimycotic mixture, they were incubated at 28°C in a non-CO, environment.Cell growth began 85 to 88 days after the cultures were initiated dueto epithelial cell vesicle presence; these were floating in the media or adhered to small fragments of tis-
The insecticidal, bactericidal, fungicidal and acaricidal properties of crude extract of Penicillium funiculosum Thom were studied. The insecticidal activity of the extracts can be summed up in the following results: it acts as a juvenile hormone mimetic against Blattella germanica, as an ovicidal agent against Leptinotarsa decemlineata, as an aphicidal agent against Myzus persicae and as an adulticide against Oncopeltus fasciatus. Acaricidal activity against Panonychus citri is basically of an egg‐larvicidal nature, and can be compared with that of commercial acaricides. The extracts act against the mite Phytocoptella avellanae as an adulticide. No bactericidal or fungicidal activity was registered. Zusammenfassung Über die Wirksamkeit eines Penicillium funiculosum‐Stammes gegenüber Insekten und Milben In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die insektiziden, bakteriziden, fungiziden und akariziden Eigenschaften eines Rohextraktes von Penicillium funiculosum Thom getestet. Die insektizide Wirksamkeit der Extrakte kann folgendermaßen zusammengefaßt werden: Gegen Blattella germanica wirken sie wie Juvenilhormone, gegen Leptinotarsa decemlineata haben sie eine ovizide Wirkung, gegen Myzus persicae eine aphizide und gegen Oncopeltus fasciatus eine adultizide Wirkung. Die akarizide Wirksamkeit gegen Panonychus citri basiert auf einer ovizid‐larviziden Wirkung und kann mit der Wirksamkeit kommerzieller Akarizide verglichen werden. Die Extrakte wirken tödlich auf Adulte der Milbe Phytocoptella avellanae. Eine bakterielle oder fungizide Wirkung der Extrakte konnte nicht festgestellt werden.
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