To study whether renal failure enhances gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO) formation in the rat, we measured 1) in vivo NO concentration and 2) NO synthase (NOS) activity, content, and mRNA expression in gastric mucosal homogenates of uremic and sham-operated anesthetized rats. Gastric mucosal NO release was measured by an electrochemical technique. NOS content was analyzed by Western immunoblots, using specific monoclonal antibodies. Constitutive (Ca2+ dependent; cNOS) and inducible (Ca2+ independent; iNOS) NOS activities were assayed by following the conversion of L-[U-14C]arginine to [U-14C]citrulline. mRNA expression for the constitutive neuronal (ncNOS), endothelial (ecNOS), and iNOS isoforms was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Under basal conditions, gastric mucosal NO concentration was significantly greater in uremic compared with control rats. This was accompanied by significantly greater gastric mucosal cNOS activity in uremic rats than in control rats, whereas no differences were observed in iNOS activity between both groups of animals. Moreover, total enzyme content and the levels of gastric mucosal mRNA expression for ncNOS, ecNOS, and iNOS showed no significant differences between uremic and sham-operated rats. These data confirm that, in uremic rats, enhanced Ca2+-dependent NOS activity is responsible for gastric mucosal NO overproduction and suggest that the main regulatory mechanism is not transcriptional but translational and/or posttranslational in nature.
Realidad aumentada e innovación tecnológica en prensa. La experiencia de ver y escuchar un periódico impreso Resumen Los autores analizan el sistema de visualización de contenidos mixtos denominado realidad aumentada y su aplicación en medios impresos. En este artículo se revisa su uso en la prensa a través de ejemplos de diarios y revistas españolas y extranjeras impresas, que han incorporado a su oferta contenidos au mentados. Mediante una demostración y un sondeo se testan la viabilidad y los efectos de esta tecnolo gía, con el fin de evaluar qué supone su inclusión en un periódico. Palabras clave: Tecnología periodística, innovación periodística, realidad aumentada, realidad mixta, pe riodismo.
Augmented Reality and Technological Innovation in Press. The Experience of Watching and Listening to a Printed NewspaperAbstract This paper analyzes the technological base of Augmented Reality, a display system whose application in the media is currently increasing. The aim is to explore the possibilities and effects in print newspapers. The authors are focuses on Spanish and foreign newspapers and magazines which are incorporating this option in their issues. A survey and a questionnaire were designed to know what means the application of Augmented Reality in print media for professionals and consumers.
RESUMEN: La Realidad Aumentada es una tecnología de visualización novedosa que va afianzándose en numerosos campos profesionales y académicos. Permite recrear situaciones inmersivas, superponiendo a la realidad física otras virtuales. Su versatilidad y espectacularidad hace que prolifere su uso en periodismo y publicidad. Los autores vienen desarrollando, durante los últimos años, estudios sobre la percepción y usabilidad de esta tecnología, prestando interés especial a su aprovechamiento en medios impresos, un sector de la industria editorial en situación frágil que debe considerar el potencial que le ofrecen las tecnologías emergentes. La metodología aplicada se basa en cuestionarios y encuestas realizados a futuros profesionales de la comunicación, tras demostraciones participativas con esta tecnología. Los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos fueron tratados estadísticamente. La interpretación posterior permite concluir que estamos ante una tecnología valorada positivamente y con gran potencial en el ámbito de la comunicación social.PALABRAS CLAVE: realidad aumentada; periodismo impreso; convergencia digital; periodismo inmersivo; competencias tecnológicas.ABSTRACT: Augmented Reality (AR) is an innovative display technology that is finding applications in various academic disciplines and professional settings. AR can be used to create immersive experiences by overlaying virtual objects over realworld environments. Its versatility and astonishing capabilities have led to its widespread use in journalism and advertising. The authors of this paper have been researching perceptions and usability of AR for several years, focusing particularly on print media, a publishing sector whose precarious situation means it needs to consider the potential of emerging technologies. The methodology is based on questionnaires and surveys to gather data from future communications professionals, following interactive demonstrations of AR. The quantitative data obtained was then processed statistically. Subsequent data analysis revealed that AR is viewed positively by respondents, and seen to hold significant potential for the needs of the communications industry.
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