Bowlby proposed that the individual's social experiences, as early as in infancy, contribute to the construction of Internal Working Models (IWMs) of attachment, which will later guide the individual's expectations and behaviors in close relationships all along his or her life. The qualitative, individual characteristics of these models reflect the specificity of the individual's early experiences with attachment figures. The attachment literature globally shows that the qualities of IWMs are neither gender specific nor cultural specific. Procedures to evaluate IWMs in adulthood have been well established, based on narrative accounts of childhood experiences. Narrative procedures at earlier ages (e.g., in the preschool years) have been proposed, such as Bretherton's Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT), to evaluate attachment representations. More than 500 ASCT narratives of preschoolers, coming from five different countries, have been collected, in the perspective of examining possible interactions between gender and culture regarding attachment representations. A specific Q-Sort coding procedure (CCH) has been used to evaluate several dimensions of the narratives. Girls' narratives appeared as systematically more secure than those of same-age boys, whatever their culture. The magnitude of gender differences, however, varied between countries. Taylor's model of gender-specific responses to stress and Harwood's and Posada's hypothesis on inter-cultural differences regarding caregiving are evoked to understand the differences across gender and countries.
Fluorescein-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside (FDG) was found to be a useful substrate for beta-galactosidase detection by flow cytometry in gram-negative bacteria, since it entered viable cells and gave a fluorescence emission proportional to the enzymatic activity. C12-FDG, a more lipophilic derivative, gave a very poor signal because of the lack of penetration. On the contrary, C12-FDG was more sensitive than FDG for beta-galactosidase activity determinations in animal cells. In contrast to previous reports, C12-FDG did not enter viable yeast cells, so that the use of the substrate required cell permeabilization. Without this treatment, C12-FDG penetrates only nonviable yeast cells that may occur in populations expressing beta-galactosidase.
The nucleotide sequence relatedness between the chromosome of Salmonella @phi and the virulence plasmid of Salmonella enteritidis was investigated using short DNA probes of < 2 kb covering the whole virulence plasmid Madrid, Spain sequence. Only one homologous region was detected. This region was subsequently cloned and partially sequenced. Sequences closely related to the pefl gene and the ORFs O d 7 , orf8 and om, which are located downstream of the f imbrial pef operon of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid, were detected. Sequencing of the cloned 5. @phi DNA fragment also revealed identity with genes of the fimbrial ref operon characterized in the chromosome of 5. enteritidis. These nucleotide sequences mapped upstream of the S. typhi chromosomal region homologous t o the 5. enteritidis virulence plasmid. The general organization of the cloned S. typhi chromosomal fragment was similar to the fimbriae-encoding region of the S. typhimurium virulence plasmid. The deduced product of od8 in the 5. typhimurium virulence plasmid, as well as those of the corresponding ORFs in the homologous region of the 5. typhi chromosome and in the 5. enteritidis virulence plasmid (designated dlt and dlp, respectively), appeared to be related to the thioredoxin family of thiol : disulphide oxidoreductases. The dlp gene was able to complement the DTT-sensitive phenotype, the inability to metabolize glucose I-phosphate and the low alkaline phosphatase activity of a dsbA mutant of Escherichia coli. The dlt gene partially complemented the lack of alkaline phosphatase activity, but not the other mutant phenotypes. The products of both genes could be detected using the T7 RNA polymerase promoter expression system. The estimated molecular masses of the products of the dlt and dlp genes by SDS-PAGE were 26 and 23 kDa, respectively, the first being in agreement with the deduced amino acid sequence and the latter, somewhat smaller. The processing of a possible leader peptide in the Dlp protein, but not in the Dlt protein, could be responsible for this difference. The Dlp protein appeared as a doublet band on SDS-PAGE, which is characteristic of the oxidized and reduced states of this kind of protein.Keywords : Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis, virulence plasmid, dsbA, dlt and dlPThe EMBL accession numbers for the sequences of dlt and dlp reported in this paper are X94325 and X94326, respectively.0002-1 197 0 1997 SGM
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